Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024591 (malignant hyperthermia)
 2,353 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dantrolene, a drug used in the prevention and treatment of malignant hyperthermia, was believed responsible for prolonged postanesthetic recumbency in a horse. Prophylactically, dantrolene was given orally before induction of anesthesia. Dantrolene has been recommended for use in horses at risk of developing postanesthetic myopathy. Side effects, including ataxia, may result from dantrolene administration.
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PMID:Prophylactic use of dantrolene associated with prolonged postanesthetic recumbency in a horse. 224 40

Recent advances in the field of molecular myology have provided significant insight into the pathological mechanisms underlying a variety of neuromuscular disorders. Genetic abnormalities can now be linked to primary and secondary pathophysiological changes in muscle fibres which compromise structural, metabolic, regulatory or contractile mechanisms. Ion channel myopathies such as paramyotonia congenita, hyper- and hypokalaemic periodic paralysis, myotonia congenita, episodic ataxia and malignant hyperthermia were established as linked to mutations in genes encoding the sodium channel, dihydropyridine receptor, chloride channel, potassium channel and the ryanodine receptor calcium release channel, respectively. Metabolic disorders affecting skeletal muscle were found to be due to deficiencies in a variety of enzymes. Identification of defects in components belonging to the gigantic dystrophin-glycoprotein complex led to the discovery of the molecular pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and related disorders. Based on these molecular findings, it is now feasible to design and evaluate new techniques such as gene and myoblast transfer therapy in order to replace defective components in diseased muscle fibres.
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PMID:[Molecular pathogenesis of muscular diseases]. 903 37

Several human Mendelian diseases, including the long-QT syndrome, malignant hyperthermia, and episodic ataxia/myokymia syndrome, have recently been demonstrated to be due to mutations in ion channel genes. Systematic mapping of ion channel genes may therefore reveal candidates for other heritable disorders. In this study, the GenBank and dbEST databases were used to identify members of several ion channel families (voltage-gated calcium and sodium, cardiac chloride, and all classes of potassium channels). Genes and ESTs without prior map localization were identified based on GDB and OWL database information and 15 genes and ESTs were selected for mapping. Of these 15, only the serotonin receptor 5HT3R had been previously mapped to a chromosome. A somatic cell hybrid panel (SCH) was screened with an STS from each gene and, if necessary the results verified by a second SCH panel. For three ESTs, rodent derived PCR products of the same size as the human STS precluded SCH mapping. For these three, human P1 clones were isolated and the genomic location was determined by metaphase FISH. These genes and ESTs can now be further evaluated as candidate genes for inherited cardiac, neuromuscular and psychiatric disorders mapped to these chromosomes. Furthermore, the ESTs developed in this study can be used to isolate genomic clones, enabling the determination of each transcript's genomic structure and physical map location. This approach may also be applicable to other gene families and may aid in the identification of candidate genes for groups of related heritable disorders.
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PMID:Chromosomal localization of 15 ion channel genes. 903 51

Channels involved in the influx and intracellular mobilization of calcium have been implicated as targets of diverse genetic and immune-mediated neurological diseases. These include the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel of skeletal muscle (hypokalemic periodic paralysis), the neuronal P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channel (familial hemiplegic migraine, episodic ataxia type 2, spinocerebellar ataxia 6, and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome), and the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (malignant hyperthermia and central core disease). The discovery of these and other calcium channelopathies should help to clarify how different mutations affect channel function and how altered channel function produces disease, and may lead to new treatments for these conditions.
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PMID:Calcium channels in neurological disease. 930 47

What do epilepsy, migraine headache, deafness, episodic ataxia, periodic paralysis, malignant hyperthermia, and generalized myotonia have in common? These human neurological disorders can be caused by mutations in genes for ion channels. Many of the channel diseases are "paroxysmal disorders" whose principal symptoms occur intermittently in individuals who otherwise may be healthy and active. Some of the ion channels that cause human neurological disease are old acquaintances previously cloned and extensively studied by channel specialists. In other cases, however, disease-gene hunts have led the way to the identification of new channel genes. Progress in the study of ion channels has made it possible to analyze the effects of human neurological disease-causing channel mutations at the level of the single channel, the subcellular domain, the neuronal network, and the behaving organism.
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PMID:Ion channel genes and human neurological disease: recent progress, prospects, and challenges. 1022 Mar 66

By the introduction of technological advancement in methods of structural analysis, electronics, and recombinant DNA techniques, research in physiology has become molecular. Additionally, focus of interest has been moving away from classical physiology to become increasingly centered on mechanisms of disease. A wonderful example for this development, as evident by this review, is the field of ion channel research which would not be nearly as advanced had it not been for human diseases to clarify. It is for this reason that structure-function relationships and ion channel electrophysiology cannot be separated from the genetic and clinical description of ion channelopathies. Unique among reviews of this topic is that all known human hereditary diseases of voltage-gated ion channels are described covering various fields of medicine such as neurology (nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, benign neonatal convulsions, episodic ataxia, hemiplegic migraine, deafness, stationary night blindness), nephrology (X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis, Bartter), myology (hypokalemic and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, myotonia congenita, paramyotonia, malignant hyperthermia), cardiology (LQT syndrome), and interesting parallels in mechanisms of disease emphasized. Likewise, all types of voltage-gated ion channels for cations (sodium, calcium, and potassium channels) and anions (chloride channels) are described together with all knowledge about pharmacology, structure, expression, isoforms, and encoding genes.
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PMID:Voltage-gated ion channels and hereditary disease. 1050 36

A whole range of cell functions are regulated by the free cytosolic Ca(2+)concentration. Activator Ca(2+)from the extracellular space enters the cell through various types of Ca(2+)channels and sometimes the Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchanger, and is actively extruded from the cell by Ca(2+)pumps and Na(+)/Ca(2+)-exchangers. Activator Ca(2+)can also be released from internal Ca(2+)stores through inositol trisphosphate or ryanodine receptors and is taken up into these organelles by means of Ca(2+)pumps. The resulting Ca(2+)signal is highly organized in space, frequency and amplitude because the localization and the integrated free cytosolic Ca(2+)concentration over time contain specific information. Mutations or functional abnormalities in the various Ca(2+)transporters, which in vitro seem to induce trivial functional alterations, therefore, often lead to a plethora of diseases. Skeletal-muscle pathology can be caused by mutations in ryanodine receptors (malignant hyperthermia, porcine stress syndrome, central-core disease), dihydropyridine receptors (familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis, malignant hyperthermia, muscular dysgenesis) or Ca(2+)pumps (Brody disease). Ca(2+)-pump mutations in cutaneous epidermal keratinocytes and cochlear hair cells lead to, skin diseases (Darier and Hailey-Hailey) and hearing/vestibular problems respectively. Mutated Ca(2+)channels in the photoreceptor plasma membrane cause vision problems. Hemiplegic migraine, spinocerebellar ataxia type-6, one form of episodic ataxia and some forms of epilepsy can be due to mutations in plasma-membrane Ca(2+)channels, while antibodies against these channels play a pathogenic role in all patients with the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and may be of significance in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain inositol trisphosphate receptors have been hypothesized to contribute to the pathology in opisthotonos mice, manic-depressive illness and perhaps Alzheimer's disease. Various abnormalities in Ca(2+)-handling proteins have been described in heart during aging, hypertrophy, heart failure and during treatment with immunosuppressive drugs and in diabetes mellitus. In some instances, disease-causing mutations or abnormalities provide us with new insights into the cell biology of the various Ca(2+)transporters.
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PMID:Abnormal intracellular ca(2+)homeostasis and disease. 1094

1. The conventional approach to understanding the structure and properties of ion channels has been to use physiological characterization. 2. Purification and molecular cloning of ion channel genes has enabled more detailed structure-function analyses to be undertaken. 3. An alternative approach to the identification of genes of pathophysiological importance has been the use of genetic linkage approaches and positional cloning or positional candidate analysis of ion channel genes. 4. Using genetic approaches, mutations have been described that cause inherited neurological disorders of neurons (e.g. epilepsy, migraine, deafness, ataxia and startle disease), skeletal muscle (myotonia, malignant hyperthermia, periodic paralysis and myasthenia) and cardiac muscle (long QT syndrome and ventricular fibrillation). 5. For each disease, gene structure-function analyses of the mutant alleles have provided further insights into the biology of ion channels. 6. The present brief review examines the methods used in genetic linkage studies and positional cloning of disease genes. Understanding how ion channel gene mutations give rise to dysfunctional channels will be important in defining and treating the episodic and chronic channelopathies.
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PMID:Genetics, an alternative way to discover, characterize and understand ion channels. 1115 44

Many important aspects of our life are regulated by the free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. The intracellular Ca2+ signal is regulated both in space, frequency and amplitude. Each cell chooses a unique set of Ca2+ signals to control its function. Ca2+ signal transduction is based on rises in free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Ca2+ can come from the extracellular space or be released from intracellular stores. Extracellular Ca2+ enters the cell through various types of plasma-membrane Ca2+ channels and leaves the cell using Ca2+ pumps and Na+/Ca(2+)-exchangers. Ca2+ is accumulated in intracellular stores by means of Ca2+ pumps and is released via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and ryanodine receptors. Mutations or abnormalities in one of the above mentioned Ca(2+)-transporting proteins can lead to disease. Skeletal-muscle pathology can be caused by abnormal ryanodine receptors (malignant hyperthermia, porcine stress syndrome, central core disease), plasma-membrane Ca2+ channels (hypokalemic periodic paralysis, muscular dysgenesis mice, paraneoplastic Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome) or Ca2+ pumps (Brody disease). Neurologic disorders can be related to altered function of plasma-membrane Ca2+ channels (episodic ataxia type 2, spinocerebellar ataxia type 6, familial hemiplegic migraine, glutamate excitotoxicity, tottering, leaner, lethargic and stargazer mice), IP3 receptors (Lowe's oculocerebrorenal syndrome, manic depression, Alzheimer's disease, opisthotonos mice) and Ca2+ pumps (deafwaddler mouse and wriggle mouse sagami). Two skin diseases are caused by Ca(2+)-pump mutations (Darier disease and Hailey-Hailey disease). Incomplete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness is caused by a mutation in the plasma-membrane Ca2+ channels in rods and cones.
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PMID:[Intracellular calcium: physiology and physiopathology]. 1119 78

There are many diseases related to ion channels. Mutations in muscle voltage-gated sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride channels, and acetylcholine-gated channel may lead to such physiological disorders as hyper- and hypokalemic periodic paralysis, myotonias, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, malignant hyperthermia and myasthenia. Neuronal disorders, e.g., epilepsy, episodic ataxia, familial hemiplegic migraine, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, hyperekplexia may result from dysfunction of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels, or acetylcholine- and glycine-gated channels. Some kidney disorders, e.g., Bartter's syndrome, policystic kidney disease and Dent's disease, secretion disorders, e.g., hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy and cystic fibrosis, vision disorders, e.g., congenital stationary night blindness and total colour-blindness may also be linked to mutations in ion channels.
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PMID:Ion channels-related diseases. 1131 Sep 70


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