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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
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The contribution of spraying DDT and HCH for malaria control towards the contamination of bovine milk was investigated by analysing milk samples collected from preselected localities sprayed with either DDT or HCH in the Punjab. A direct correlation was found between the amounts of residues of these insecticides in milk and their typical usage pattern for the mosquito control programme. It is considered that these results may have significant bearing on the regulatory control of DDT and HCH residues in milk.
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PMID:Contamination of bovine milk with DDT and HCH residues in relation to their usage in malaria control programme. 615 89

The Malaria Conference in Equatorial Africa, convened by the World Health Organization in 1950 in Kampala, Uganda, was a milestone in the history of modern malaria control activities on the continent of Africa. It presented and assessed the available international information on epidemiological aspects of this disease and attempted to coordinate the various methods of research and control of malaria. Its two main recommendations were that malaria should be controlled by all available methods, irrespective of the degree of endemicity of the disease, and that the benefits that malaria control might bring to the indigenous population should be evaluated.The first period of field research and pilot control projects in Africa was between 1950 and 1964. A large number of studies in several African countries showed that the use of residual insecticides such as DDT and HCH might decrease, at times considerably, the amount of malaria transmission, but interruption of transmission could not be achieved, except in two relatively small projects in the forest areas of Cameroon and Liberia. During the second period, from 1965 to 1974, the difficulties of malaria eradication and control in Africa became more evident because of the development of resistance of Anopheles gambiae to DDT, HCH, and dieldrin; moreover administrative, logistic, and financial problems had emerged. It became clear that the prospects for malaria control (let alone those for eradication) were related to the availability of a network of basic health services. A number of "pre-eradication" programmes were set up in order to develop better methods of malaria control and to improve the rural health infrastructures. Much field research on the chemotherapy of malaria was carried out and the value of collective or selective administration of antimalarial drugs was fully recognized, although it became obvious that this could not play an important part in the decrease of transmission of malaria in Africa.The role of research as one of the ways of solving the technical problems of malaria control in tropical Africa was stressed from the early days of the global malaria eradication programme; the past ten years have seen an immense expansion of this activity.
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PMID:Lessons learned from applied field research activities in Africa during the malaria eradication era. 639 74

In order to define the scope of vector control as a component of malaria control in the WHO African Region, examples of recent experiences with different vector control methods in this region are reviewed. Residual house spraying applied alone or in combination with mass drug administration has failed to interrupt malaria transmission in savanna areas for several technical and administrative reasons. Nevertheless, there is evidence that residual house spraying has led to an improvement in general health. However, the existence of DDT and dieldrin/HCH and lately malathion resistance in the Sudan in Anopheles gambiae s.l. would militate against the use of residual house spraying as a main tool for long-term malaria control. It should therefore be used only to reduce malaria prevalence to an acceptable level until integrated control methods can be developed and become operational.Experience with larval control, space spraying, and biological control of vectors is also reviewed, and the value of self-help methods of reducing man-vector contact under African conditions is examined. All these methods need to be more thoroughly assessed. Several proposals are made for applied field research.
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PMID:Vector control operations in the African context. 639 79

A factory for producing the pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane (HCR) in its technical grade (mix of the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta isomers), that belonged to the former Institute of Malaria Sciences, then Ministry of Education and Health, located in the "Cidade dos Meninos", county of Duque de Caxias, State of Rio de Janeiro, was closed down in 1955. Part of its production and wastes - many tons this mix - were left behind on the site. The action of winds and rain as well as the movement of the local inhabitants - approximately 1,000 people, including 400 children, have caused the scaltering of this agent. Blood specimens from the inhabitants showed a high human contamination levels, with the highest concentration (beta isomers) being found in people living within a 100 meter radius of the ruin of the factory. Local soil and pasture samples taken at distances of less than 100 m from the ruin of the former factory showed HCH isomer concentrations of the order of thousands of ppb, thus providing evidence of high environmental contamination.
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PMID:[Hexachlorocyclohexane contamination in urban areas of the south eastern region of Brazil]. 853 35

Concentrations of HCH and DDT in soil, water and whole blood were determined in two areas under malaria control. These were, (i) bioenvironmental control of malaria at BHEL, and (ii) residual spraying of insecticides in rural and urban area of Bahadrabad PHC of Hardwar district. Mean concentrations of HCH in soil and whole blood samples from BHEL was 2.26 micrograms/kg and 1.20 micrograms/l and from Bahadrabad 61.12 micrograms/kg and 24.3 micrograms/l respectively. Similarly, the mean concentration of DDT in soil and whole blood from BHEL was 3.68 micrograms/kg and 4.71 micrograms/l, while in Bahadrabad 270.51 micrograms/kg and 38.13 micrograms/l respectively. HCH and DDT were never detected in any water samples from BHEL area, while the mean concentration of these compounds in water of Bahadrabad area was 0.18 and 0.07 microgram/l respectively. Residual level of HCH and DDT were 27 and 73.5 times higher in soil and 20.2 and 8.1 times higher in whole blood samples from Bahadrabad as compared to their corresponding values from BHEL respectively.
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PMID:Determination of levels of HCH and DDT in soil, water and whole blood from bioenvironmental and insecticide-sprayed areas of malaria control. 869 Jan 33

The susceptibility status of malaria vectors to HCH and DDT was studied in Malkangiri district which has been highly endemic for malaria since many decades. An. fluviatilis is the major malaria vector and An. culicifacies is a secondary vector in the area. HCH is being used in malaria control programme from 1972 onwards. Before to that, DDT was used. This study reports that An. fluviatilis has developed resistance to HCH and is susceptible to DDT. This is the first confirmed report of resistance of this species to HCH in Malkangiri district of Orissa. An. culicifacies was found to be resistant to both the insecticides. Extensive use of pesticides in agriculture and indoor residual spraying of HCH for malaria control might have led to the development of resistance in these malaria vectors.
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PMID:A study on insecticide resistance in Anopheles fluviatilis and anopheles culicifacies to HCH and DDT in the Malkangiri district of Orissa. 893 93

One of the main reasons for the set-back in the urban malaria control programme is the peculiar biobehaviour of the principal urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. Certain relevant facts such as incrimination as the vector of malaria, sibling or biological species, resting habitat, manlanding behaviour, seasonal prevalence, blood meal analysis, longevity, parity status, daily survival and mortality rates of adults, breeding habitats and vertical distribution of larvae of An. stephensi have been discussed. Determination of density of the vector using various parameters and their relation to malaria endemicity in an urban situation have been reviewed. An. stephensi has become resistant to DDT, HCH, malathion and propoxur in many places in India. Hence for control source reduction, use of predators such as fish and biolarvicides such as Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis H14 and B. sphaericus, personal protection, i.e., use of appropriate clothing, bed nets, indigenous repellents, etc., information, education and communication (IEC) are to be stressed.
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PMID:Urban malaria vector biology. 929 84

Concentrations of HCH and DDT in human and bovine milk were determined in two areas under malaria control namely, BHEL, Hardwar with bioenvironmental control strategy and rural and urban areas of Bahadrabad PHC of Hardwar district with residual spraying of insecticides. Mean HCH and DDT residues in human milk in BHEL were 0.027 and 0.021 mg/kg, while from Bahadrabad were 0.089 and 0.149 mg/kg respectively. Similarly, mean HCH and DDT contents in bovine milk from BHEL were 0.019 and 0.008 mg/kg, while 0.058 and 0.029 mg/kg, respectively from Bahadrabad. Statistically significant differences were recorded in HCH and DDT levels in human and bovine milk samples between BHEL and Bahadrabad areas of Hardwar district. The mean levels of HCH and DDT in bovine milk samples did not exceed the maximum residual limit of 0.05 mg/kg from BHEL whereas, 38.5% samples from Bahadrabad area exceeded this limit.
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PMID:HCH and DDT residues in human and bovine milk at Hardwar, India. 951 68

A study was carried out in selected villages of District Ghaziabad to evaluate the operational feasibility and efficacy of hessian curtains impregnated with deltamethrin@100 mg/m2 in comparison to indoor residual spraying of HCH@0.2 g/m2. The impregnation was carried out before onset of transmission and observations were continued up to two transmission periods. District Health Authorities have carried out HCH indoor residual spraying (IRS) as per schedule in the control village. Entomological evaluation revealed 87 per cent reduction of An. culicifacies up to six months in comparison to HCH indoor residual spraying. However, the reduction in densities of total mosquitoes was only 61.6 per cent. Follow-up studies revealed that the impact of deltamethrin impregnated curtains was diluted after 6-7 months. The results of bioassay tests revealed 100 per cent mortality up to 6-7 months. Epidemiological evaluation revealed 81.9 per cent reduction in total malaria cases as against 88.5 per cent with P. falciparum cases. Similar reduction was also observed when slide positivity rate (SPR), slide falciparum rate (SfR), cases/000 and Pf/000 were compared to corresponding village. Pilot studies are indicated to evaluate the relative efficacy of impregnated curtains, which is quite cheaper than conventional residual insecticide spraying (IRS).
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PMID:Operational feasibility and efficacy of deltamethrin impregnated hessian curtains in comparison to HCH indoor residual spraying to control malaria in selected villages of District Ghaziabad (U.P.), India. 1182 76

In an area of India where the main rural malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies Giles, has developed triple resistance to DDT, HCH, and malathion sprayed indoors in antimalaria program, bifenthrin (10% wettable powder) was evaluated in a randomized house-scale trial between July 1999 and March 2000. Entomological impact of four serial doses of bifenthrin (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/m2) sprayed in rooms in five villages was compared with malathion (2 g/m2) and unsprayed control. An. culicifacies was 100% susceptible to bifenthrin (0.1%), but only 57% to malathion (5%) test papers. Contact bioassays were carried out on sprayed surfaces for 24 wk, and 24 h mortality in An. culicifacies was recorded. Bifenthrin 100- and 200-mg doses caused > or = 80% mortality until 24 wk. The 50-mg dose caused > or = 80% mortality on tin, wood, and mud surfaces for 24 wk, and on brick walls for 16 wk. Bifenthrin 25-mg dose produced > or = 80% mortality for 24 wk on tin, 20 wk on mud walls, 16 wk on brick walls, and 8 wk on wood surfaces. Persistence of > or = 80% mortality did not differ for 25- and 50-mg doses on any surface except on wood (P < 0.05). Malathion sprayed in three rounds of 6 wk apart caused > or = 80% mortality for 16 wk on the brick and mud walls, and for 20 wk on the tin and wood surfaces. Bifenthrin 25- and 50-mg doses produced a similar impact on the densities of An. culicifacies and other mosquitoes but a superior one to malathion or control. Bifenthrin 25-mg dose caused least excitorepellency. Overall, efficacy of bifenthrin was superior to malathion. Considering the duration of the persistence of significant insecticidal action of bifenthrin on the most common surfaces (mud and brick walls), least excito-repellency and a relative impact on the mosquito densities, the 25-mg dose was the most superior among all the four doses evaluated.
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PMID:House-scale evaluation of bifenthrin indoor residual spraying for malaria vector control in India. 1259 53


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