Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
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Resting and biting habits of An. sundaicus were studied in Car Nicobar Island. Results of resting behaviour revealed that although substantial numbers of An. sundaicus rest outdoor, still the species prefer to rest indoors, and much less in human dwellings. High parity rate (73.38%) in An. sundaicus and close contact with man were the factors responsible for high transmission in Car Nicobar. An. sundaicus population in Car Nicobar is susceptible to DDT. Indoor man-biting of An. sundaicus was significantly higher than outdoors and the species showed bimodal biting activity with first peak between 2130 to 2230 hrs and second between 0130 to 0230 hrs. An. sundaicus preferred to feed on people's legs and hands. Due to complex behaviour of An. sundaicus, an integrated approach comprising (i) chemical, (ii) bioenvironmental control, and (iii) personal protection methods was suggested to interrupt malaria transmission in Car Nicobar Island.
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PMID:Resting and biting habits of Anopheles sundaicus in Car Nicobar Island. 771 65

A field study was carried out to evaluate the mosquito repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil in tribal village of Car Nicobar Island. Results revealed that application of 1 ml of the oil provided 98.7% protection in indoor and 96.52% in outdoor conditions during 12 h period of observation from the bites of An. sundaicus. Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil is an indigenous product, its application is safe and can be widely used for protection from malaria.
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PMID:Evaluation of repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil against Anopheles sundaicus in tribal villages of Car Nicobar Island, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. 1511 79

Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus (Rodenwaldt) is an important malaria vector in the Andaman and Nicobar islands of India where it breeds in freshwater as well as in brackish water. To establish the molecular identity of An. sundaicus on these islands we analyzed samples from four geographically isolated areas-Teressa, Nancowry, Car Nicobar and Katchal islands. PCR-amplification and nucleotide sequence analysis were performed for internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and domain-3 (D3) of 28S rRNA. The ITS2 region of An. sundaicus from all four islands was identical but different from An. sundaicus A of Vietnam and An. sundaicus s.s of Malaysia. Furthermore, freshwater and brackish water forms of An. sundaicus did not reveal any sequence variation. Similarly, the D3 sequences were identical among all An. sundaicus samples from the four islands. D3 sequences for a species of the Sundaicus Complex are reported here for the first time and thus could not be compared with other regional isolates of this species. In conclusion, probably only one member of the Sundaicus Complex exists on the Andaman and Nicobar islands, which breeds in freshwater as well as in brackish water and is different from the An. sundaicus A and Malaysian An. sundaicus s.s. The identification of a new sibling species of the Sundaicus Complex in these islands is significant from the viewpoint of vector control strategies.
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PMID:Molecular identification of Anopheles (Cellia) sundaicus from the Andaman and Nicobar islands of India. 1612 59

Quadruple mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (PFDHFR) enzyme give rise to the highest level of pyrimethamine resistance leading to treatment failures. We describe here the presence of these quadruple mutations in a majority of P. falciparum isolates from Car Nicobar (Andaman and Nicobar) Island, India. Isolates from the mainland, however, continue to show a prevalence of double PFDHFR mutations and some with triple but none with quadruple mutations. In conclusion, the antifolate drug pressure is very high in the island, which should be a cause of concern for the malaria control program in the country.
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PMID:Quadruple mutations in dihydrofolate reductase of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Car Nicobar Island, India. 1656 80

DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) is an environmental metabolite of the pesticide DDT, which is still present in the environment, and its insecticidal properties are used to fight malaria and the Zika virus disease. We showed for the first time that the neurotoxic effects of DDE involve autophagy, as demonstrated by elevated levels of Becn1, Map1lc3a/MAP1LC3A, Map1lc3b, and Nup62/NUP62 and an increase in autophagosome formation. The suggestion that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are involved in the neurotoxic effect of DDE was supported by increases in the mRNA and protein expression of these receptors, as detected by qPCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy. Selective antagonists of the receptors, including alpha-naphthoflavone, CH223191, and CINPA 1, inhibited p,p'-DDE- and o,p'-DDE-induced LDH release and caspase-3 activity, while specific siRNAs (Ahr and Car siRNA) reduced the levels of p,p'-DDE- and o,p'-DDE-induced autophagosome formation. Although the neurotoxic effects of DDE were isomer independent, the mechanisms of p,p'- and o,p'-DDE were isomer specific. Therefore, we identified previously unknown mechanisms of the neurotoxic actions of DDE that, in addition to inducing apoptosis, stimulate autophagy in mouse neocortical cultures and induce AHR and CAR signaling.
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PMID:Autophagy-related neurotoxicity is mediated via AHR and CAR in mouse neurons exposed to DDE. 3272 35