Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The course of malarial infection was compared in pregnant mice inoculated with Plasmodium berghei at different stages of gestation. When 12-14 wk old, pregnant BALB/c mice were inoculated with 1 x 10(6) of P. berghei NK65-infected red cells at gestation day 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16, the mice inoculated on gestation days 6-12 expired 6.5 days after inoculation compared to 9.5 days in non-pregnant mice. Parasitemia in these pregnant mice increased rapidly on day 4 after inoculation and anemia also developed earlier on day 5. However, the degree of parasitemia and anemia in the terminal stage of infection in these pregnant mice was milder than that of non-pregnant controls. Blood urea nitrogen increased at the terminal stage although the degree of increase in mice inoculated on gestation days 6-10 was comparatively small. Pregnant malarial mice died earlier with less physiological changes than non-pregnant controls. It was concluded that pregnancy makes the host susceptible to physiological changes caused by malaria.
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PMID:Influence of pregnancy on the course of malaria in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. 219 52

The development of new sensitive and specific assays (HPLC) have enabled the pharmacokinetics of antimalarial drugs to be studied. Parameters such as half-life distribution volume, clearance and bioavailability, are defined. In healthy subjects, quinine is rapidly eliminated (t1/2 beta: 6-12 h). Hepatic biotransformation accounts for approximately 80% of its total clearance. In malaria, the pharmacokinetic properties of quinine (decrease in the apparent volume of distribution, prolongation of the t1/2 beta, reduction in systemic clearance), are altered in proportion to the severity of infection. Red cell concentrations and plasma binding are increased. Parenteral quinine should be given by slow intravenous infusion and a loading dose is recommended in severe infections. Chloroquine (t1/2 beta: 6-50 days) and mefloquine (t1/2 beta: 6-33 days) have extensive tissue distribution and prolonged activity after a single dose. Both drugs are concentrated in erythrocytes and are bound considerably to plasma proteins. Amodiaquine is not found in the blood after oral administration. Hepatic biotransformation accounts for almost all orally administered drug. Its antiplasmodial activity is thus almost entirely due to monodesethylamodiaquine, the main metabolite. In healthy subjects, the t1/2 beta of this metabolite is 9 to 18 days in plasma. Amodiaquine is concentrated in erythrocytes. The protein binding of this drug has not been studied to date. For prophylaxis, it has been suggested that the dosage of 10 mg/kg/wk should be spread over the week (3.5 mg/kg every other day, or 1.5 every day). Halofantrine has an elimination half-life of between 1.3 and 6.6 days. This drug has been suggested as a single-dose treatment. No pharmacokinetic studies of qinghaosu have been reported in humans. In rabbits, the elimination half-life in plasma was found to be 40 min. Although rapidly eliminated, this drug appears to be highly effective. More information is required on the pharmacokinetics of these drugs in malaria, during pregnancy, in children and in renal and hepatic failure.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetics of antimalarials: quinine and mefloquine, halofantrine, qinghaosu, amino-4-quinolines]. 354 4

Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the surface characteristics of the oocyst, sporoblast and sporozoite of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. Observations were made of the sporogonic stages of 6-12 day infections of the malaria parasite in Anopheles stephensi. Oocyst and sporoblast development were not synchronous. The surface of the undifferentiated (early stage) oocyst appeared smooth, whereas that of differentiated (late stage) oocysts were rough or wrinkled. The wall of the differentiated oocysts showed numerous micropores at higher magnification (x15,000-20,000) the biological significance of which is not known. Small, bud-like satellite bodies were seen attached to some oocysts. Various forms of different stages of the sporoblast were described. Sporozoite budding took place on the surface of the sporoblast body. The sporozoite was elongate, curved and with a blunt anterior end.
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PMID:Scanning electron microscopic observations of the oocyst, sporoblast and sporozoite of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii. 652 85

One of the major factors in the development of severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is infection, such as diarrhea, upper respiratory infection, and malaria. Social and environmental factors include family size, access to land and occupation of parents, and exposure of rural populations to urban centers. Breast milk has been shown to play a role in the prevention of infections; however, the mother must be well-nourished to provide the optimum product. Traditional foods available to rural children in most developing countries are difficult to digest and low in energy and protein and inadequate nutritional education prevents the inclusion of good protein sources in children's diets. Severe PEM, called marasmus and kwashiorkor is indicated by wasting of muscles, absence of subcutaneous fat, wrinkled skin, thin and sparse hair, and weakness. The basic treatment for severe PEM is dietary. Treatment of kwashiorkor and marasmus is divided into 3 stages: 1) attending to acute problems, 2) restoring nutritional balance, and 3) ensuring nutritional rehabilitation. Care must be taken to ensure a minimum daily intake of 3-4 gm of protein and 120-150 Kcal of energy/kg of body weight. There must be, in addition, replacement of vitamin A, zinc, potassium, magnesium, and iron. An initial regimen which has been advocated is based on dry skim milk, sugar, and vegetable oil, divided into 6-12 feedings/day, which prevents vomiting. It is not necessary to remove lactose from the diet, and other animal protein sources such as meat and meat extracts are also well accepted. Soy and vegetable protein have been used successfully. In treating mild and moderate PEM it is important to ensure the intake of these food supplements by the child and to avoid a major substitution effect in the household diet. It is crucial for the physicians, nutritionists, public health workers, and educators to convince parents about the safety of using foods that are fed only to adults and older children. In addition nutritional and health education must not be restricted to the rehabilitation of the child but the prevention of nutritonal deterioration of the entire family and sometimes to the entire community.
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PMID:Infantile malnutrition in the tropics. 681 12

Childhood hyperpyrexia is associated with serious infections particularly bronchopneumonia, infective diarrhoea, meningitis, measles, urinary tract infections, otitis media, septicemia and sickle cell crisis Hyperpyrexia was found most in children aged 6-12 months followed by children aged 12-18 months. Hyperpyrexia occurred least in children aged 2-6 months. Febrile convulsion was associated with 38% of the cases. Malaria was a cause of convulsion in 27% of children with fever. This appears to contrast earlier reports by Lennox (1953) and Familusi (1971). The study confirms the rarity of hyperpyrexia in children aged 3 months and under. Deaths recorded were in children brought at the late stages of their ill health. Intensive health education is recommended to obviate unnecessary death of children through ignorance and poor knowledge of simple first aid measures.
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PMID:Childhood hyperpyrexia in Benin City, Nigeria. 709 25

Technology was developed for mass rearing males of the genetically altered MACHO strain of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, which allowed for elimination of females by treating the eggs with propoxur (o-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate). This made it possible to eliminate virtually all the females (potential malaria vectors) being released in the field, and also reduced the space previously devoted to larval rearing by 50%, since the females were eliminated in the egg stage. Also, the difficulties involved in separating the sexes with previous techniques were eliminated. Because there is some genetic recombination, about 0.2% of the MACHO males become susceptible and an equal number of females become resistant each generation. Thus after 6-12 months, the strain is purged to remove these contaminants. With this system an average of more than 1 million pupae per day was produced during 3 weeks of a 5-week period, and an average of 968.2 thousand per day during the entire period. The pupae produced were 99.9% males with an average adult emergence of 90%.
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PMID:Mass rearing the genetically altered MACHO strain of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann. 735 22

Body temperature was measured and the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was determined in 198 rural school children aged 6-12 years in a hyperendemic area of southwest Nigeria over a 14 week period spanning part of both wet and dry seasons. Body temperature values in apparently healthy children and in children with malaria parasitaemia were similar with group mean of 37.1 to 37.3 degrees C and with little or no variation in these values with season. The proportion of individual measurements with values > 37.5 degrees C in the two groups were respectively 4.3 and 6%. Despite a seasonal variation in parasite rate, with the highest rates in the wet and the lowest rates in the dry season, there was no significant difference in the proportion of subjects with parasite density > 1000/ul between season. There was also no relationship between parasite density and body temperature. In general, children with parasitaemia < 1000/ul were not pyrexial and less than 2% of all episodes of detectable parasitaemia was accompanied by symptoms of acute malaria. These findings suggest that the presence of malaria parasitaemia has little or no effect on body temperature pattern in a group of rural school children in an endemic area.
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PMID:Body temperature and malaria parasitaemia in rural African children. 749 24

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) is a pleotrophic polypeptide that plays a significant role in brain immune and inflammatory activities. TNF-alpha is produced in the brain in response to various pathological processes such as infectious agents [e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria], ischemia, and trauma. TNF-alpha mRNA is rapidly produced in response to brain ischemia within 1 h, reaches a peak at 6-12 h post ischemia, and subsides 1-2 days later. TNF-alpha mRNA expression corresponds in a temporal fashion to other cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (KC), and IL-1 and precedes the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the injured zone. TNF-alpha is present early in neuronal cells in and around the ischemic tissue (penumbra), yet at later time points, the peptide is found in macrophages in the infarcted tissue. TNF-alpha has been demonstrated to cause expression of proadhesive molecules on the endothelium, which results in leukocyte accumulation, adherence, and migration from capillaries into the brain. Furthermore, TNF-alpha activates glial cells, thereby regulating tissue remodeling, gliosis, and scar formation. Thus, evidence is emerging in support of a role for TNF-alpha in injury induced by infectious, immune, toxic, traumatic, and ischemic stimuli. TNF-alpha promotes inflammation by stimulation of capillary endothelial cell proinflammatory responses and thereby provides leukocyte adhesion and infiltration into the ischemic brain. The evidence generated so far suggests that agents that suppress TNF-alpha's production or actions will reduce leukocyte infiltration into ischemic brain regions and thereby diminish the extent of tissue loss.
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PMID:Cytokines, inflammation, and brain injury: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 788 Jul 18

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using native gp63 for detection of serum antibodies to Leishmania was evaluated. The test identified antibodies in sera from 16 of 16 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients and 9 of 12 sera from patients with Trypanosoma brucei infection. In comparison, sera from 80 Danish controls and 40 control donors from a malaria endemic area of Ghana without known exposure to Leishmania were negative, as were sera from 12 Kenyan malaria patients and 9 schistosomiasis patients. After cure of VL, sera rapidly became negative. Only 1 of 7, 1 of 21, and 1 of 27 sera from cured VL patients 6-12 months, 1-2 years and > 2 years after cure were positive. Thus, in contrast to other serological tests for VL, the gp63 ELISA seems to distinguish an ongoing from a past infection. This might prove useful both for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.
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PMID:Measurement of serum antibodies against native Leishmania gp63 distinguishes between ongoing and previous L. donovani infection. 810 16

Total leukocyte counts were done in 180 apparently healthy rural school children aged 6-12 years in a malaria endemic area in southwestern Nigeria. Total leukocyte counts and their distribution in aparasitaemic and asymptomatic parasitaemic children were similar. Total leukocyte counts, and the relationship between the density of parasitaemic and total leukocyte counts were studied in 55 consecutive children presenting with acute symptomatic falciparum malaria. Children without parasitaemia were older and had lower total leukocyte counts when compared with children with parasitaemia (7.61 +/- 4.11 x 10(9)/L Vs 9.04 +/- 5.0 x 10(9)/L), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). In non-hyperparasitaemic children and in hyperparasitaemic children with percentage infected red cells < 10%, there was poor correlation between density of parasitaemia and total leukocyte counts. However, at > or = 10% parasitaemia, there was a positive correlation (r = 0.55; P = 0.032) between increasing parasitaemia and leukocytosis. Combination of hyperparasitaemia ( > 5% parasitaemia) and leukocytosis ( > 12 x 10(9)/L) occurred in 15% of the children and was not a poor prognostic index in the absence of other evidence of severe or complicated disease, as response to oral mefloquine was prompt. This would suggest that in African children from an endemic area, this combination is not a reliable indicator of severity or poor prognosis in falciparum malaria.
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PMID:Leukocyte counts in falciparum malaria in African children from an endemic area. 866 93


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