Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blood specimens from members of the click-speaking Sandawe tribe of Tanzania and of the adjacent Bantu-speaking Nyaturu tribe have been tested for antigens of 11 blood group systems, for variants of 3 plasma-protein systems and 9 red-cell-enzyme systems, for haemoglobin variants. The results are tabulated and gene frequencies computed. For most systems, the frequencies in the two tribes are similar to one another and, in so far as data are available, similar to the neighbouring Bantu-speaking tribes. The principal genetic difference between the Sandawe and the Nyaturu is in their frequencies of haemoglobin S and of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, both of which characters are several times higher in the Nyaturu than in the Sandawe; both characters are protective against falciparum malaria, and this suggests that the Nyaturu have in the past been much more strongly exposed to this infection than the Sandawe.
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PMID:The blood groups, serum groups, red-cell isoenzymes and haemoglobins of the Sandawe and Nyaturu of Tanzania. 79 Oct 61

The beta s gene arose at least four times in Africa, with three of these mutations expanding through diverse ethnic groups, but limited to definite geographical areas: Atlantic west Africa for the Senegal haplotype linked beta s; central west Africa for the Benin haplotype; and equatorial, eastern and southern Africa for the Bantu haplotype. The fourth mutation (linked to the Cameroon haplotype) is restricted to a single ethnic group, the Eton of central Cameroon. The Benin haplotype linked beta s gene was spread by gene flow to the Mediterranean (north, south and east) and to the western portions of Saudi Arabia. An independent mutation linked to a fifth haplotype, Arab-India, is found among the tribals of India (independent from their geographical origin) and in the eastern oases of Saudi Arabia. It is also suspected of being associated with the beta s gene found in Afghanistan, Iran, Transcaucasia and central Asia. The selective force involved in the expansion of the gene was most likely P. falciparum malaria, and the time of the gene frequency increase was likely to have been during the expansion of agriculture about 4000 or more years ago in India and about 3000 years ago in Africa. The partial protection against severe and life-threatening malaria is through the limitation of P. falciparum parasitaemia. This is a complex process which involves at least two mechanisms: early intraerythrocyte parasite forms are in a suicidal position through increasing the tendency of HbAS cell to sickle and then be destroyed by the spleen; intraerythrocyte growth is inhibited during deep vascular schizogony. Although there is evidence that P. falciparum (and P. malariae) parasitaemias are limited in HbSS red cells, malaria is a major trigger to haemolytic and infarctive crises in sickle-cell disease, and a common cause of morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Genetic epidemiology of the beta s gene. 151 Nov 79

The frequency of the beta S mutation in the district of Coruche/Portugal is estimated to be about 4% from analysis of a group of 181 school children and their teachers in an area in which malaria has been endemic until recently. Several white Portuguese patients with sickle cell disease (six homozygous SS and one S beta degree thalassaemia) were found in a group of 309 further patients who were known and followed up by local medical practitioners. These patients had clinical and haematological features similar to patients of African origin, although their growth and sexual development appeared to be normal. The analysis of an array of polymorphic restriction sites within the beta S globin gene cluster (beta S haplotype) showed patterns that are known to occur in Africa. The frequencies of the three main African beta S haplotypes termed Senegal, Bantu, and Benin reflect the extent of Portuguese naval explorations. It is concluded that the sickle cell gene in Portugal has probably been imported from Africa and has been amplified in comparison with other genes characteristic for African races because of the selective advantage of AS heterozygotes in an area endemic for malaria.
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PMID:The frequency and origin of the sickle cell mutation in the district of Coruche/Portugal. 273 37

The author was a biochemist who, because he had experience in plasma iron estimations, became involved in the investigation of a hypochromic anemia in India during World War II. This led to another such study in Uganda after the war. There, an investigation of the incidence of sickling led to the discovery of overall differences between Hamitic-speaking tribes and the Bantu and Nilotes. A few exceptions could later be explained on the basis of the effect of malaria on sickling incidence. A mapping of the world distribution of sickle-cell and other hemoglobins followed, as well as a search for factors which cause the severity of sickle-cell anemia to vary. A most important lowering influence on this severity seems to be that of alpha-thalassemia. It is suggested that the high incidence of alpha-thalassemia type 2 (alpha/alpha alpha) in malarial regions is not related to malaria itself but to the beta-chain abnormalities which protect against malaria and therefore are frequent in the same populations. Alpha thalassemia in turn has a selective value because it lowers the pathological effect of sickle-cell anemia, as well as the consequences of Hemoglobin E and beta-thalassemia.
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PMID:Sickle cell anemia 35 years ago: reminiscence of early African studies. 637 13

This is a case study of a lactating grandmother. Thini Bai, married for 34-36 years and living in the village of Pantaniya, had been through menopause 3-4 years prior to her condition. A grandson named Bantu, whose mother had died of malaria two days after his birth, was left under her care. She related that she had let Bantu suckle at her breast to pacify him. After a while she noticed changes in her breast size and fullness, in the color spread of the areolae, and in nipple consistency. Eventually, milk was being secreted. She continued to breast-feed 8-10 times a day as she had done when she was a mother. An increase in weight of 75 g in the child was subsequently noted. At the time of investigation, Bantu's age was 6 months and his weight was 6.5 kg. This is a unique case of a postmenopausal grandmother lactating after a minimum of 16 years since last lactation.
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PMID:Case study of a lactating grandmother. 1124 80

Malawi is located in southeastern Africa with Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia as its neighboring countries. The country's climate is subtropical, conducive to the tobacco, tea, coffee and sugar grown there. The population of Malawi is predominantly rural with 90% of the population engaging in subsistence farming. Most of the people are of Bantu origin. There is no visa requirement for those travelling in Malawi, but there are conditions to be aware of for the visitor to Malawi. The government bans the wearing of slacks or shorts by women and hair below the nape of the neck for men. Malaria is endemic and tsetse flies and the risk of encephalitis are present. The water, however, is potable and telecommunications within Malawi are good. The political structure of the country is headed by an elected present and a presidentially appointed cabinet. There are 118 seats in the country's unicameral National Assembly. Although Malawi has traditionally been self-sufficient, it suffered from the world commodity price recession in the 1980s. However, Malawi has continued to grow economically at a slower rate. The United States and Malawi enjoy good diplomatic relations and have an open exchange program. As well, relations with neighboring countries, particularly Mozambique, have improved greatly.
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PMID:Malawi. 1217 82

Equatorial Guinea is situated on the Gulf of Guinea along the west African coast between Cameroon and Gabon. The people are predominantly of Bantu origin. The country's ties with Spain are significant; in 1959, it became the Spanish Equatorial region ruled by Spain's commissioner general. Recent political developments in Equatorial Guinea include the formation of the Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea in July of 1987 and the formation of a 60-member unicameral Chamber of Representatives of the People in 1983. Concerning the population, 83% of the people are Catholic and the official language is Spanish. Poverty and serious health, education and sanitary problems exist. There is no adequate hospital and few trained physicians, no dentists, and no opticians. Malaria is endemic and immunization for yellow fever is required for entrance into the country. The water is not potable and many visitors to the country bring bottled water. The tropical climate of Equatorial Guinea provides the climate for the country's largest exports and source of economy; cacao, wood and coffee. Although the country, as a whole, has progressed towards developing a participatory political system, there are still problems of governmental corruption in the face of grave health and welfare conditions. In recent years, the country has received assistance from the World Bank and the United States to aid in its development.
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PMID:Equatorial Guinea. 1217 83

The presence of a geographical pattern in the distribution of the sickle cell gene (S gene) and its association with malaria is well documented. To study the distribution of the S gene among various ethnic and linguistic groups in the Sudan we analyzed a hospital-based sample of 189 sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients who reported to the Khartoum Teaching Hospital between June 1996 and March 2000 and 118 controls with other complaints, against their ethnic and linguistic affiliations and geographic origin. Electrophoresis for hemoglobin S and sickling tests were carried out on all patients and controls as a prerequisite for inclusion. The majority of patients (93.7%) belonged to families of single ethnic descent, indicating the high degree of within-group marriages and thus the higher risk of augmenting the gene. SCA was found to be predominant among the Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups (68.4%) including nomadic groups of Arab and non- Arab descent that migrated to the Sudan in various historical epochs. Those patients clustered in western Sudan (Kordofan and Darfur) from where 73% of all cases originate. The proportion of patients reporting from other geographic areas like the south (3.1%), which is primarily inhabited by Nilo-Saharan-speaking groups (19% of the whole sample) who populated the country in previous times, is disproportionate to their total population in the country (chi(2) = 71.6; p = 0.0001). Analysis of the haplotypes associated with the S gene indicated that the most abundant haplotypes are the Cameroon, Benin, Bantu and Senegal haplotypes, respectively. No relationship was seen between haplotypes and the various hematological parameters in the sub-sample analyzed for such association. These results provide an insight into the distribution of the sickle cell gene in the Sudan, and highlight the strong link of the middle Nile Valley with West Africa through the open plateau of the Sahel and the nomadic cattle herders and also probably the relatively young age of the S gene.
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PMID:Relationship of the sickle cell gene to the ethnic and geographic groups populating the Sudan. 1661 62

This study sought to adapt a battery of Western speech and language assessment tools to a rural Kenyan setting. The tool was developed for children whose first language was KiGiryama, a Bantu language. A total of 539 Kenyan children (males=271, females=268, ethnicity=100% Kigiryama. Data were collected from 303 children admitted to hospital with severe malaria and 206 age-matched children recruited from the village communities. The language assessments were based upon the Content, Form and Use (C/F/U) model. The assessment was based upon the adapted versions of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Test for the Reception of Grammar, Renfrew Action Picture Test, Pragmatics Profile of Everyday Communication Skills in Children, Test of Word Finding and language specific tests of lexical semantics, higher level language. Preliminary measures of construct validity suggested that the theoretical assumptions behind the construction of the assessments were appropriate and re-test and inter-rater reliability scores were acceptable. These findings illustrate the potential to adapt Western speech and language assessments in other languages and settings, particularly those in which there is a paucity of standardised tools.
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PMID:Speech and Language Disorders in Kenyan Children: Adapting Tools For Regions With Few Assessment Resources. 2429 9

Infant oral mutilation (IOM) is a traditional method of extracting un-erupted teeth practiced in several Sub-Saharan African countries including Uganda. This practice is referred to as "ebinyo" by Bantu-speaking Ethnic groups, though it has several terms depending on cultural group and researcher. The un-erupted tooth is gouged out as a cure for medical symptoms in infants that include high fevers and diarrhea. The spreading of IOM practice in African populations is blamed on poor health literacy with regard to the common childhood illnesses. One study in Uganda revealed that adverse cases following IOM seen in the hospital peaked in tandem with the malaria and diarrheal disease cases. This paper is a review of the practice with a particular focus on Uganda as presented in literature compiled from PubMed, Dentaid, Google Scholar, Local Uganda sources, and the authors' observations. The paper explains reason for the persistence of the practice, and to further inform on IOM to health practitioners who were previously unaware of the practice.
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PMID:"Ebinyo"-The Practice of Infant Oral Mutilation in Uganda. 2877 Jan 90


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