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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the Central African (Sahelian) drought, attacks of falciparum malaria were common in patients and their relatives shortly after their arrival in a hospital in Eastern Niger. A prospective study of 72 adult patients not admitted for malaria and 109 accompanying relatives was undertaken to investigate this observation. 23 attacks occurred in patients and 51 in relatives, with a peak frequency five days after arrival. On arrival, parasitaemia was low but reached a maximum by five days. Serum-iron and percentage saturation of transferrin were moderately increased initially, rose dramatically within forty-eight hours with near maximum saturation, and were falling by the fifth day. It is suggested that the early hyperferraemia, apparently related to refeeding, led to rapid multiplication of existing parasites and attacks of malaria. The results of experimental malarial infection of Wistar rats, half of which had been given intramuscular iron, supported this hypothesis.
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PMID:Refeeding-malaria and hyperferraemia. 4 80

Causes of anaemia in 101 adult Melanesian patients admitted to Port Moresby General Hospital over a 3-year period with haemoglobin levels of 4.0 gms per 100 ml or less were studied retrospectively. Cases of anaemia due to acute haemmorrage were excluded. Iron deficiency was found in 80, haemolysis in 39, megloblastosis in 26 and anaemia of chronic diseases in 5 patients. Anaemia was secondary to multiple causes in 56 and to a single cause in 45 patients. In the group with multiple causes, a combination of iron deficiency and haemolysis was found in 28, iron deficiency and megaloblastosis in 18, iron deficiency, haemolysis and megaloblastosis in 6 and haemolysis and megaloblastosis in 5 patients. In the group with a single cause, iron deficiency was found in 34, anaemia of chronic diseases in 5, haemolysis in 4 and megaloblastosis in 2 patients. Hookworm infestation and malaria appeared to be the major underlying causes of anaemia in the majority of these patients. Three of 45 patients who had received blood transfusions shortly after admission to the hospital died, while there was only one death in the nontransfused group. It is concluded that: i) severe anaemia in Papua New Guinea is commonly secondary to multiple causes; ii) administration of iron and folic acid as well as treatment for malaria and hookworm is a responsible approach when these patients can not be investigated; and iii) blood transfusion does not appear to be necessary in this group of patients despite a very low haemoglobin level.
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PMID:Severe anaemia in Port Moresby. A review of 101 adult Melanesian patients with haemoglobin level of 4G/100 ml or less. 29 26

In a coastal population in whom anaemia was common, two randomised controlled trials were undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of treating iron deficiency anaemia at a dispensary and at primary schools. For anaemic adult villagers treated at a dispensary, one dose of tetrachlorethylene for hookworm infection and a once per week visit to collect medicines were found to be satisfactory. A small but significant increase in haemoglobin level was produced by four weeks oral iron therapy, but this was only maintained after seven months by the group that had initially also received tetrachlorethylene. In children (5-14 years) no significant rise in haemoglobin level was obtained by using oral iron and/or TCE, either at the dispensary or at the primary schools. This suggests that malaria was a more potent cause of anaemia in these children.
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PMID:Anaemia treatment trials in a rural population of Tanzania. 34 70

The incidence of infections was studied in 137 iron-deficient Somali nomads, 67 of whom were treated with placebo and 71 with iron. Seven episodes of infection occurred in the placebo group and 36 in the group treated with iron; these 36 episodes included activation of pre-existing malaria, brucellosis, and tuberculosis. This difference suggested that host defence against these infections was better during iron deficiency than during iron repletion. Iron deficiency among Somali nomads may be part of an ecological compromise, permitting optimum co-survival of host and infecting agent.
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PMID:The adverse effect of iron repletion on the course of certain infections. 36 Nov 62

In a village population in N. Nigeria the Fulani form a heterogeneous group in comparison with the Hausa and Maguzawa people. It was demonstrated that, apart from having a different body build, Fulani men have on the average lower haemoglobin concentrations, more splenomegaly and higher IgM and IgG concentrations. Splenomegaly and higher IgM levels were correlated in the Fulani only, and this probably is a manifestation of their altered immune response to malaria, which is manifested by the prolonged parasitaemia in Fulani men suggesting that their control over malaria parasites is less effective. Very high IgM levels (more than 9.6 g/l) were present in 6/70 (9%) of Fulani and in none of the others. According to the criteria used the Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome could be diagnosed in 4/70 (6%) of Fulani and in 2/89 (2%) of Hausa and Maguzawa. A nutritional factor, presumably iron intake, and Schistoma haematobium infections appeared to be determinants of haemoglobin concentration in the Hausa and Maguzawa. In Fulani a different pattern emerged characterised by the nutritional factor and a haemolytic factor related to the sickle cell trait. The frequency of the sickle cell trait, however, was similar in all tribes. The significance of the findings is discussed and it is suggested that the heterogeneity of Fulani is possibly due to their less complete adaptation to stable malaria.
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PMID:Differences in blood status of three ethnic groups inhabiting the same locality in Northern Nigeria. Anaemia, splenomegaly and associated causes. 54 94

An haematological, biological, parasitological and immunological study about anaemia of pregnancy was carried out in two rural village of Mali Republic, where P. flaciparum malaria is hyper-endemic. The 25 pregnant women found in the villages were compared with 23 controls. One could observe that anaemia more often normochromic and regenerative usually appears during the second trimestre of pregnancy. Only a few cases with haemaglobin levels below 8 g. % are hypochromic. Serum transferrin levels were slightly higher among pregnant. None among 31 bone marrows examined showed megaloblastic changes. Haptoglobin levels below 10 mg. % were observed in 3/4 of the pregnant women versus 1/4 in controls. Like some others, this study confirms the primary responsability of malaria haemolysis in the aetiology of anaemia of pregnancy and the interest of systematic chemoprophylaxis, at least from the third month of pregnancy. Vitamin and iron therapy is to consider therafter in hyper-endemic areas of P. falciparum malaria when nutritional problems are not predominant.
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PMID:Malaria and anemia of pregnancy in an African savanna zone. Epidemiological, hematological, biological and immunological study of 2 villages of the Bamako region, Republic of Mali. 58 Sep 10

Early in 1973 residents of 20 randomly selected rural villages in southern Ghana were studied to determine the prevalence of anaemia. Laboratory tests were conducted to learn what haemoglobin phenotypes were present and the distribution of white blood cell counts. Moderate anaemia (below 10 g%) was fairly common, particularly in children and 15--29 year old women, but severe anaemia (below 7 g%) was rare. Malaria infection and diets with low iron content were major factors affecting haemoglobin level, while hookworm infestation and high parity had little effect. Neutropenia (about two-thirds of Caucasian values) and the distribution of haemoglobin types (AS 16.3%; AC 11.1%) were similar to findings in earlier studies. To improve haemoglobin levels in children and young women, low-cost intervention programmes based on volunteer village workers are recommended.
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PMID:Haematological values in a rural Ghanaian population. 59 29

A nutritional status survey of children aged 0-5 years was carried out in a lake shore district in Malawi. Anthropometric and clinical studies indicated a high overall prevalence (14%) of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition (PCM), particularly among the 1- to 1 1/2-year-olds. Few signs of vitamin deficiencies were seen but iron deficient anaemia was common at all ages, 68% being below the acceptable haemoglobin level. Sixty percent of children had malaria parasitaemia and 25% conjunctivitis. Under-five mortality was estimated to lie between 31 and 44%. Muslim children had a higher mortality and prevalence of PCM and fewer of their fathers had been to school. It is suspected that many cases of undernutrition go unrecognized because of uniform stunting occurs and ages are not known. It is recommended therefore that medical units use a local calendar, similar to that evolved for the survey, in order to estimate ages more accurately.
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PMID:The nutritional status of children ages 0-5 years in Nkhotakota, Malawi. 81 62

Porotic hyperostosis was observed in 34 percent of 539 crania excavated from sites in Arizona and New Mexico. Common causes of this cranial pathology in the Old World (thalassemia, sickel cell anemia, and malargia) do not explain its occurrence in the American Southwest, as malaria and hemoglobinopathies are not known to have existed in the New World prior to European contact. Iron deficiency anemia which may also be assoicated with porotic hyperostosis occurs on a mass level only with hookworm infestation or nutritionally-related iron deficiency. Since hookworm infestation is rare in the American southwest and has not been reported in prehistoric southwestern American Indians, the hypothesis of nutritional anemia was examined. In canyon bottom sites where the diet was heavily dependent on maize, which is low in iron and also contains an inhibitor of iron absorption, significantly more crania had porotic hyperostosis than in sage plain sites, where the diet included ample animal protein rich in easily absorbable iron (p less than .001). Furthermore, canyon bottom children, who were more susceptible to iron deficiency anemia, had a higher incidence of porotic hyperostosis lesions than adults (p less than .0001).
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PMID:The paleoepidemiology of porotic hyperostosis in the American Southwest: Radiological and ecological considerations. 110 84

We present here the physicochemical and biochemical properties of NBD-DFO, the 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) derivative of the siderophore, desferrioxamine B (DFO) (Lytton et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 40, 584, 1991). Modification of DFO at its terminal amine renders it more lipophilic, imparts to it fluorescent properties, and is conservative of the high-affinity iron(III) binding capacity. NBD-DFO partitions readily from aqueous solution into n-octanol (Pcoeff = 5) and displays solvent-induced shifts in absorption and fluorescence spectra. The relative quantum yield of the probe's fluorescence increases over a 10-fold range with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent. Fluorescence is quenched upon binding of iron(III) to the probe. We demonstrate here the application of NBD-DFO for the specific detection and monitoring of iron (III) in solutions and iron(III) mobilization from cells. Interactions between fluorescent siderophore and the ferriproteins ferritin and transferrin were monitored under physiological conditions. Iron removal from ferritin was evident by the demonstrable quenching of NBD-DFO fluorescence by scavenged iron(III). Quantitation of iron sequestered from cells by NBD-DFO or from other siderophore-iron(III) complexes was accomplished by dissociation of NBD-DFO-Fe complex by acidification and addition of excess ethylenediamin-etetraacetic acid. The sensitivity of the method and the iron specificity indicate its potential for monitoring chelatable iron under conditions of iron-mediated cell damage, iron overload, and diseases of iron imbalance such as malaria.
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PMID:Monitoring of iron(III) removal from biological sources using a fluorescent siderophore. 133 42


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