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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bidens pilosa is among the several plants used in Brazil to treat malaria. It was demonstrated that crude extracts from roots prepared with 80% ethanol by percolation are active in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and the activity is correlated with the presence of polyacetylene and flavonoids. This extract was submitted to column chromatography with ether and ether methanol (1:1) and two fractions, enriched in polyacetylene and flavonoids, respectively, were obtained. The extract and the fractions were assessed by HPLC/DAD analysis and antimalarial tests in vivo. Ethanol extract showed by HPLC the presence of several peaks for polyacetylene and flavonoids, compounds corresponding to quercetin-3,3'-dimethoxy-7-0-rhamnoglucopyranose and the acetylene 1-phenyl-1,3-diyn-5-en-7-ol-acetate, previously identified in this extract. The peaks for flavonoids were absent in ether fraction and those ones for polyacetylene in ether:methanol. In in vivo tests, ethanol extract caused 36% of reduction of parasitaemia at fifth day, and 29% at seventh day. Ether:methanol fraction caused 38% of reduction at fifth day but was inactive at day 7. The survival of the animals treated with 80% ethanol extract was higher than in the fractions. The results showed that the in vivo activity of ethanol extract depends on the presence of polyacetylene and flavonoids.
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PMID:New evidences of antimalarial activity of Bidens pilosa roots extract correlated with polyacetylene and flavonoids. 1518 2

Sida acuta Burm. (Malvaceae) originating from Ivory Coast was selected after an ethnobotanical survey: traditional healers of malaria commonly used this plant for the treatment. Extracts were tested on two strains of Plasmodium falciparum: FcM29-Cameroon (chloroquine-resistant strain) and a Nigerian chloroquine-sensitive strain. Extracts were obtained by preparing decoction in water of the powdered plant, the technique used by most of the traditional healers. An ethanol extract was then made and tested. The IC50 values obtained for these extracts ranged from 3.9 to -5.4 microg/ml. Purification of this active fraction led to the identification of cryptolepine as the active antiplasmodial constituent of the plant.
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PMID:Studies on medicinal plants of Ivory Coast: investigation of Sida acuta for in vitro antiplasmodial activities and identification of an active constituent. 1518 48

Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae), a medicinal plant used worldwide, has antimalarial activity as shown in previous work. This study tested ethanol extracts from wild plants collected in three different regions of Brazil and from plants cultivated in various soil conditions. The extracts were active in mice infected with P. berghei: doses of < or =500 mg/kg administered by oral route reduced malaria parasitaemia and mouse mortality; higher doses were found to be less effective. Tested in vitro against three P. falciparum isolates, two chloroquine resistant and one mefloquine resistant, the plants cultivated under standard conditions, and in humus enriched soil, were active; but the wild plants were the most active. Analysis using thin layer chromatography demonstrated the presence of flavonoids (compounds considered responsible for the antimalarial activity) in all plants tested, even though at different profiles. Because B. pilosa is proven to be active against P. falciparum drug-resistant parasites in vitro, and in rodent malaria in vivo, it is a good candidate for pre-clinical tests as a phytotherapeutic agent or for chemical isolation of the active compounds with the aim of finding new antimalarial drugs.
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PMID:Antimalarial activity of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) ethanol extracts from wild plants collected in various localities or plants cultivated in humus soil. 1547 4

Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich. (Cochlospermaceae) is a widely used medicinal plant in the West African country, Mali. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted and 106 traditional practitioners interviewed. The roots were the part of the plant reported to be the most frequently used for medicinal purposes. The main indications were to treat jaundice (41), gastro intestinal diseases or ailments (28), malaria (12), schistosomiasis (10) and dysurea (6). A high-molecular weight water extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, body weight) significantly inhibited HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions in mice. The extract showed DPPH-radical scavenging- and immunomodulating activities in vitro. The main components of the extract were identified as polysaccharides (59.3%) and polyphenols (9.3%). The polysaccharides were purified and characterised as highly complex pectic arabinogalactans type II. As parts of the polyphenol compounds gallotannins and ferulic acids were identified. This study shows that the polysaccharides are partly responsible for the bioactivities observed in vitro. Both polysaccharides and polyphenols may be responsible for the anti-ulcer activities observed.
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PMID:Medicinal use of Cochlospermum tinctorium in Mali Anti-ulcer-, radical scavenging- and immunomodulating activities of polymers in the aqueous extract of the roots. 1558 78

Physalis peruviana (PP) is a widely used medicinal herb for treating cancer, malaria, asthma, hepatitis, dermatitis and rheumatism. In this study, the hot water extract (HWEPP) and extracts prepared from different concentrations of ethanol (20, 40, 60, 80 and 95% EtOH) from the whole plant were evaluated for antioxidant activities. Results displayed that at 100 mug/ml, the extract prepared from 95% EtOH exhibited the most potent inhibition rate (82.3%) on FeCl2-ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate. At concentrations 10-100 microg/ml, this extract also demonstrated the strongest superoxide anion scavenging and inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase activities. In general, the ethanol extracts revealed a stronger antioxidant activity than alpha-tocopherol and HWEPP. Compared to alpha-tocopherol, the IC50 value of 95% EtOH PP extract was lower in thiobarbituric acid test (IC50=23.74 microg/ml vs. 26.71 microg/ml), in cytochrome c test (IC50=10.40 microg/ml vs. 13.39 microg/ml) and in xanthine oxidase inhibition test (IC50=8.97 microg/ml vs. 20.68 microg/ml). The present study concludes that ethanol extracts of PP possess good antioxidant activities, and the highest antioxidant properties were obtained from the 95% EtOH PP.
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PMID:Antioxidant activities of Physalis peruviana. 1593 Jul 27

Sixty-six extracts of 18 plants commonly used by traditional healers in Congo Brazzaville for the treatment of malaria have been investigated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity. Ethanolic and dichloromethane extracts of 7 among the 18 studied plants were moderately active (10 microg/ml<IC(50)<50 microg/ml). These extracts concerned Cassia siamea (bark), Cogniauxia podolaena (root), Landolphia lanceolata (root and leaves), Millettia versicolor (leaves), Pseudospondias microcarpa (leaves), Uapaca paludosa (leaves) and Vernonia brazzavillensis (leaves). These results support their traditional use as antimalarial plants. The bark extract of Uapaca paludosa showed a good activity (<10 microg/ml) and the extracts from Quassia africana (root and leaves) even exhibited IC(50) values less than 1 microg/ml. Except for Quassia africana, for which the three solvents (water, ethanol and dichloromethane) present an effective extraction, no aqueous extract was highly active. The cytotoxicity of aqueous, DCM and ethanol extracts of Quassia africana was tested on KB cell lines.
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PMID:In vitro antiplasmodial activity of 18 plants used in Congo Brazzaville traditional medicine. 1625 60

Eighteen plants originating from Ivory Coast were selected by ethnobotanical survey as plants commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria. Extracts of these plants were tested on two strains of Plasmodium falciparum: FcM29-Cameroon (chloroquine-resistant strain) and a Nigerian chloroquine-sensitive strain. The powdered plants were used to prepare three kinds of extracts: by decoction in water, in ethanol (95%) and in pentane. A radioactive micromethod allowed the evaluation of the antiplasmodial in vitro activity of the extracts on P. falciparum. Concentrations inhibiting 50% of the parasite growth (IC50) ranged from 18 microg/ml to more than 500 microg/ml for aqueous and ethanol extracts and from 4.3 microg/ml to more than 500 microg/ml for pentane extracts. Cytotoxicity was estimated on A375 melanoma cells and a cytotoxicity/antiplasmodial index (CAR) was calculated for each extract, ranging from 1 to 10. The pentane extracts of Cola caricaefolia and Uvaria afzelii, which revealed the strongest antiplasmodial activity had CAR values of about 10.
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PMID:Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of plants used in West African traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. 1636 5

The purpose of this study was to explore the turnaround times, section and image quality of a number of more "difficult" specimens destined for rapid diagnostic electron microscopy (EM) after microwave-assisted processing. The results were assessed and compared with those of conventionally processed samples. A variety of infectious agents, some with a potential for bioterrorism, and liver biopsies serving as an example for routine histopathology samples were studied. The samples represented virus-producing cell cultures (such as SARS-coronavirus, West Nile virus, Orthopox virus), bacteria suspensions (cultures of Escherichia coli and genetically knockout apathogenic Bacillus anthracis), suspensions of parasites (malaria Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania major, Microsporidia cuniculi, Caenorhabditis elegans), and whole Drosophila melanogaster flies infected with microsporidia. Fresh liver samples and infected flies were fixed in Karnovsky-fixative by microwaving (20 min), all other samples were fixed in buffered glutaraldehyde or Karnovsky-fixative overnight or longer. Subsequently, all samples were divided to evaluate alternative processing protocols: one part of the sample was OsO4-postfixed, ethanol-dehydrated, Epon-infiltrated (overnight) in an automated tissue processor (LYNX, Leica), and polymerized at 60 degrees C for 48 h; in parallel the other part was microwave-assisted processed in the bench microwave device (REM, Milestone), including post-osmication and the resin block polymerization. The microwave-assisted processing protocol required at minimum 3 h 20 min: the respective epon resin blocks were uniformly polymerized allowing an easy sectioning of semi- and ultrathin sections. Sections collected on non-coated 200 mesh grids were stable in the electron beam and showed an excellent preservation of the ultrastructure and high contrast, thus allowing an easy, unequivocal and rapid assessment of specimens. Compared with conventional routine methods, microwave technology facilitates a significant reduction in sample processing time from days to hours without any loss in ultrastructural details. Microwave-assisted processing could, therefore, be a substantial benefit for the routine electron microscopic diagnostic workload. Due to its speed and robust performance it could be applied wherever a rapid electron microscopy diagnosis is required, e.g., if bioterrorism or emerging agents are suspected. Combining microwave technology with digital image acquisition, the 1-day diagnosis based on ultrathin section electron microscopy will become possible, with crucial or interesting findings being consulted or shared worldwide with experts using modern telemicroscopy tools via Internet.
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PMID:Microwave-assisted tissue processing for same-day EM-diagnosis of potential bioterrorism and clinical samples. 1684 32

The in vivo antiplasmodial activity of the ethanol root extract of Homalium letestui used as a malaria remedy in Southern Nigeria was evaluated in Plasmodium berghei berghei infected mice. Homalium letestui root extract (500-1000 mg/kg/day) exhibited significant (p < 0.05) blood schizontocidal activities both in a 4-day early infection test and in an established infection with a considerable mean survival time comparable to that of the standard drug, chloroquine, 5 mg/kg/day. The root extract possesses significant (p < 0.05) antiplasmodial activity, which can be exploited in malaria therapy.
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PMID:Antiplasmodial activity of Homalium letestui. 1690 38

The antimalarial activity of an ethanol leaf extract of Setaria megaphylla was studied in vivo in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei berghei during early and established infections. Setaria megaphylla (100-300 mg/kg/day) exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) blood schizonticidal activity in 4-day early infection and in established infection with a significant (p < 0.05) mean survival time comparable to that of the standard drug, chloroquine, 5 mg/kg/day. The leaf extract possesses a promising antiplasmodial activity in vivo which can be exploited in malaria therapy.
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PMID:Antiplasmodial activity of Setaria megaphylla. 1723 68


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