Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Togo, the principal strategy for preventing death from malaria in children is prompt treatment of fever with antimalarial drugs. A household survey was conducted in a rural area of south-central Togo in which information was collected from mothers on the treatment received by 507 children under 5 years of age who, according to their mothers, had recently had fever. Altogether, 20% of the children (95% confidence interval (Cl): 15-25%) were seen at a health centre during their illness, while 83% (95% Cl: 76-90%) were treated at home with an antimalarial drug. Of the children in the latter group, 97% received the drug on the first day of fever. In contrast, only 17% of children who attended a health centre were seen on the first day of their fever. Chloroquine, usually obtained from a street or market vendor, was used for 94% of the treatments given at home. Based on children's weights and treatment histories provided by their mothers, the median total dosage of chloroquine given at home was 12.8 mg per kg body weight--more than that recommended and known to be fully effective in Togo at the time of the survey (10 mg per kg) and less than the total dosage recommended at present (25 mg per kg). The dosage administered was considered to be inadequate for 70% of home treatments, because less than 10 mg per kg was given during the first 24 hours of treatment. In the study area, parents were the main providers of antimalarial drug treatment to children with fever and need guidance on the correct dosage of chloroquine.
 ...
PMID:Home treatment of febrile children with antimalarial drugs in Togo. 263 84

Malaria is still, in spite of intensive efforts to reduce its transmission, the most serious and widespread protozoal infection in man. More than 100 million people suffer of malaria each year and one million, mostly children, die for it. Widespread resistance of P. falciparum to drugs, especially 4-aminoquinoline, has been progressing to such a speed in many endemic malarious areas that therapy and prophylaxis procedures have been changing and new drugs or associations of them have been introduced. Quinine and chloroquine are still the main therapeutic agents against the blood forms of plasmodia, and quinine is the first choice drug in severe and complicated malaria. Mefloquine is highly effective against multiresistant P. falciparum, but it is not yet available in Italy. Association of sulfadoxine or sulfamethoxypyrazine to pyrimethamine can be used for therapy of resistant P. falciparum malaria, but resistance to it is quickly spreading and side effects can be very dangerous. Chemoprophylaxis must be weighed against the risk of toxic effects. Chloroquine is still the drug of choice; tetracyclines can be added, for short periods, in areas of chloroquine resistant malaria and mefloquine could be used in selected group of people, at high risk of infection. For long time protection against malaria infection it is most important to rely on protective measures against mosquito bites: screens, mosquito nets, pyrethroids insecticides, skin repellents and wearing protective clothes. The role of malaria vaccines can be very important in the prevention, but many practical problems have to be solved in order to achieve a wide use of the various preparations actually under trials.
 ...
PMID:[Therapy and prevention of malaria]. 266 57

These studies suggest that the site of chloroquine action against the malaria parasite is the acid intracellular vesicle system, and that the critical first step in chloroquine action is to raise parasite vesicle pH. Measurements of acid vesicle buffering capacity and of 3H-chloroquine accumulation suggest that the parasite has a chloroquine-concentrating mechanism in its acid vesicles, although the molecule(s) responsible for this concentration has not been identified. Chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum results from rapid efflux of chloroquine from the resistant parasite. This phenomenon alone is sufficient to account for chloroquine resistance.
 ...
PMID:Chloroquine and acid vesicle function. 267 17

Malaria is a persistent problem in the tribal dominated Koraput district of Orissa state. Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant parasite species accounting for about 90% of the infections in the locality. Chloroquine sensitivity of P. falciparum was carried out in 4 Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and Muran project area in the district. A total of 139 cases were subjected to in vivo extended test, of which resistance was detected in 11 at RI and in 2 at RII level. One case out of 16 subjected to standard 7 day in vivo test showed resistance at RII level. Micro in vitro test was done for 17 cases of which 8 were found to be resistant. Majority of cases of resistance were from Malkangiri PHC and Muran project areas. The implications of the findings are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Chloroquine sensitivity of P. falciparum in Koraput district, Orissa. 268 Jun 34

Chloroquine (CQ) solution was separately mixed with the serum of mice infected with chloroquine-resistant 'NS' line (SMNS), the serum of mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain (SMCS), and the serum of normal mice (SM). These mixtures were then used in treating mice inoculated with P. berghei ANKA strain. The results obtained on d 5 after drug-serum administration showed that the erythrocyte infection rates in the SMNS + CQ, SMCS + CQ, and SM + CQ groups were 32, 16, and 14% respectively. There were significant differences with respect to parasitemia between the SMNS + CQ group and the SMCS + CQ or SM + CQ group (P less than 0.05), suggesting that SMNS may be antagonistic to the antimalarial action of chloroquine. Further study showed that when the 'NS' line lost resistance to chloroquine, the antagonism of SMNS to chloroquine disappeared. The antagonism rates of SMNS to chloroquine, piperaquine, hydroxypiperaquine and pyronaridine were 75, 56, -5, and -17% respectively, a trend similar to that of the results from cross-resistance tests on chloroquine-resistant P. berghei ANKA strain. The results indicate that drug-resistant malaria parasites may produce and release a certain 'specific anti-drug substance'.
 ...
PMID:Antagonism of serum of mice infected with chloroquine-resistant 'NS' line to the antimalarial action of chloroquine. 269

The effectivity of intramuscular Delagil therapy with that of oral treatment in malaria patients are compared. On the basis of the therapeutic results of 8 malaria patients each it has been concluded that the cessation of fever and parasitaemia occur within a somewhat shorter time in the intramuscularly treated patients than in the orally treated ones. Finally, the usefulness of intramuscular Delagil therapy as an antimalarial medication has been assessed. According to the opinion of the author oral treatment has to be preferred in general in uncomplicated malaria cases. The indication fields of intramuscular Delagil therapy are the following: 1. Unconsciousness, cerebral or other complications. 2. High fever, poor general condition requiring rapid action; in the latter two cases the above-mentioned frequent application of lower doses is recommended. 3. Relatively good general condition but abundant vomiting and/or diarrhoea.
 ...
PMID:Intramuscular delagil therapy in malaria. 269 17

A 3 years study was decided in 12 villages of the South-West Burkina Faso to compare the chemoprophylaxis and the chemotherapy of febrile cases as potential malaria control strategies. During the first year pretreatment data were collected. During the two following years a programme carried out (I) prophylaxis (10 mg chloroquine/kg body weight) was given weekly to all children under 14 years old in 5 villages, and (II) therapy (10 mg chloroquine/kg body weight) was given in a single dose to all febrile cases in 7 other villages. Chloroquine tablets were distributed by health workers belonging to the community. Both prophylaxis and therapy reduced the gametocyte rate in children (2-9 years) respectively of 63% and 45%. The analysis of the evolution after the first year of the sporozoite rate of anopheline was made difficult by concomitant natural variations of mosquitoes longevity and by mosquitoes displacements. Significant variations of sporozoite rate can be explained by natural variations of mosquitoes longevity. But data from the rice field villages support evidence that reduction of the pool of parasite infective for vectors induced the decrease of Anopheles gambiae s. l. sporozoite rate. Therefore our results reflect a trend more than a strict reduction of malaria transmission.
 ...
PMID:[The effect of 2 chloroquine-based drug strategies (prevention and therapy of febrile cases] on malaria transmission]. 274 28

Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium strains are found in certain foci in Cameroon. We do not know what contribution drug prescriptions and drug pressure had in bringing this about. We contacted 66 persons (39 doctors and 27 nurses) who prescribe antimalarial drugs in Cameroon regarding their prescription habits; 46 (69.7%) responded. The three most prescribed drugs for uncomplicated malaria were quinine (84.4%), chloroquine (80.4%) and amodiaquine (80.4%). The most common reason for prescribing the drugs was availability. The drug of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria was chloroquine with amodiaquine and quinine being second best for doctors and nurses, respectively. The form of treatment preferred by most doctors (ie 46%) was tablets while most nurses (42%) preferred injections. Prophylatic antimalarials were prescribed by 73% of the doctors and by 83% of the nurses. Doctors prescribed mainly to children and pregnant women while nurses prescribed to everyone. The drugs used were chloroquine, amodiaquine, quinine and pyrimethamine. Ten doctors and four nurses had encountered at least one case of drug resistant malaria. The most common evidence on which the diagnosis had been based was the absence of improvement on the treatment prescribed. The implicated drugs were chloroquine, amodiaquine and quinine. There was evidence of major differences in the practice of the respondents regarding treatment, prophylaxis and the diagnosis of drug resistance. These results indicate an urgent need for a national antimalarial drug policy in Cameroon.
 ...
PMID:Curative and preventive treatment of uncomplicated malaria in public health institutions in Cameroon. 276 26

Primary cultures of Macaca mulatta hepatocytes infected with sporozoites of Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi (Cambodian strain), and P. cynomolgi bastianellii were exposed in vitro to 7 antimalarial compounds. The number of exoerythrocytic schizonts present after 4-7 days of culture was used to assess the activity. With pyrimethamine, proguanil, cycloguanil, primaquine, and 2 of its analogues (WR242511 and WR238605), marked inhibition of schizont formation could be achieved at concentrations below those causing a cytotoxic effect on the host hepatocytes. Chloroquine had only minimal schizonticidal activity at a concentration that produced severe hepatocyte toxicity. This simian in vitro system provides a reliable model for screening antimalarial compounds and for investigating their effects on the hepatic stage of malaria parasites.
 ...
PMID:In vitro activity of antimalarial compounds on the exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium cynomolgi and P. knowlesi. 292 49

Chloroquine resistance of P. falciparum was studied in Vanuatu from March 1981 to July 1984, with limited means, and a non-systematic procedure; it was first evidenced in 1980. In vivo chloroquine resistance criteria were those established by W. H. O. In vitro testing methods were the standard W. H. O. macro-test and micro-test. 124 in vivo chloroquine resistant cases were seen: 111 cases in hospital (63 R III, 28 R II and 20 R I) and 13 cases in field studies (1 R III, 4 R II and 8 R I). 87 in vitro chloroquine sensitivity tests were carried out. A high failure rate was apparently due to a defective batch of lyophilised culture medium. Out of the 25 isolates successfully tested, 22 showed in vitro chloroquine resistance (88%). Correlation between in vivo and in vitro resistance was good in 13 cases studied by both methods. Moreover, 13 in vitro mefloquine sensitivity tests evidenced a high sensitivity to this drug. Chloroquine resistant malaria thus appears to be extended to the whole country. Its prevalence remains unknown but was estimated at 60% at least in 1984. Moreover, a geographical spread of chloroquine resistance from north to south of the group was evidenced between 1980 and 1984, identical to that of the dramatic increase of P. falciparum incidence at the same period of time. Possible mechanisms of the advent of chloroquine resistance in Vanuatu are discussed.
 ...
PMID:[The chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum in Vanuatu (1980-1984): appearance, evolution, distribution]. 304 69


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>