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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Electrophoresis of red-cell extracts from control and malaria-infected animals on 'Cellogel' demonstrated the absence of G-6-PD activity of 'parasite' origin, although 6-PGD activity was present. An identical 6-PGD isoenzyme was found in mice, rats and hamsters infected with the same strain of Plasmodium berghei indicating the parasite as the source of the enzyme. A similar 6-PGD isoenzyme was also found in a few preliminary experiments with P. knowlesi-infected monkey erythrocytes. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to previous studies and also to the status of the pentose phosphate pathway in plasmodial metabolism.
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PMID:Electrophoresis of glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases in erythrocytes from malaria-infected animals. 40 35

In cases of severe malaria chloroquine phosphate is frequently given--diluted or undiluted--by the intravenous route. It is known that cardiac arrhythmias and hypotension may complicate such therapy, but cardiac arrest is not a well recognised hazard. In this report we describe such a tragic complication, and advocate that undiluted chloroquine should not be administered intravenously in severely ill patients since such patients usually have associated electrolyte disturbances which may render the heart vulnerable to toxic drugs. Chloroquine may be given diluted in normal saline infused over several hours with a close watch over the blood pressure.
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PMID:Cardiac arrest after intravenous chloroquine injection. 45 5

Ten captive-reared African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) from a large outdoor colony were monitored for avian malaria, using several diagnostic tests. One treatment regimen was evaluated. Thin smear blood evaluation enabled detection of seven parasitemias involving Plasmodium relictum and Plasmodium elongatum in the penguins. Leukocytosis (relative lymphocytosis) was characteristic of infected birds. Parasitemia was detected as early as 21 days prior to onset of clinical signs (depression, anorexia, regurgitation, pale mucous membranes, and respiratory distress). The single bird that died had clinical signs only a few hours prior to its death. Treatment consisted of 0.03 mg of primaquine phosphate base/kg body weight, administered orally once daily for 3 days. Oral chloroquine phosphate therapy, given simultaneously, was administered in an initial loading dose of 10 mg of chloroquine phosphate base/kg body weight, followed by doses of 5 mg/kg at 6, 18 and 24 hours after the initial chloroquine dose. This treatment regimen prevented mortality and cleared parasites from the blood. Recurrences of malaria occurred in two birds that had received this treatment.
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PMID:Avian malaria in African black-footed penguins. 52 78

Starting from ancient reports that rare samples of methylene blue were apparently sufficiently contaminated with azures to give red plasmodial and red purple nuclear chromatin in Chenzinsky type methylene blue eosin stains, it was decided to determine how little azure B would suffice for such staining in methylene blue eosin stains. The traditional 1902 Giemsa had an azure : methylene blue : eosin ratio of about 6 : 3 : 6.3 : 10; Lillie's 1943 formula had a 5 : 7 : 10 ratio. In the current series of tests 5 : 7 : 10 (I), 4 : 8 : 10 (II), 3 : 9 : 10 (III), 2 : 10 : 10 (IV), 1 : 11 : 10 (V), and 0 : 12 : 10 (VI) were used. Malaria and blood stains were better than the standard 5 : 7 : 10 (I) in III, IV and II in that order. Normal and leukemic human blood, mouse blood with Plasmodium berghei, and monkey blood with the CDC strain of Pl. falciparum were used as test materials. The staining mixtures were made from highly purified samples of azure B and methylene blue. Staining mixtures contained 12 ml 0.1% thiazin dye, 10 ml 0.1% eosin, 2 ml each of glycerol, methanol and 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 6.5, 3 ml acetone as accelerator, and distilled water to make 40 ml; staining times of 10--30 min were used.
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PMID:Lower azure B methylene blue ratios in Giemsa type blood and malaria stains. 66 46

Clinical data on 24 civilian patients hospitalized for malaria in The New York Hospital were analyzed. Of 16 patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 14 acquired the disease in West Africa. Only three of the 24 had taken recommended courses of prophylaxis. Diagnosis was invariably, and often dangerously, delayed because physicians often made diagnoses of viral syndromes or used antibiotics; only one patient had a blood smear taken by a personal physician. Although all patients had fever and chills, classic malarial fever was seen in only seven patients; nausea, vomiting and diarrhea were common. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly occurred in about half the patients. Blood smears stained in routine fashion by Wright's stain were positive in 23 of 24 patients. A normal leukocyte count was present in 19 of the 24 patients and thrombocytopenia in 16 of 23. The most frequent complications were those of central nervous system involvement. Therapy consisted mainly of chloroquine phosphate but other drugs, including quinine, pyrimethamine, sulfonamides and primaquine, were used in special situations. Suggestions for prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy were made.
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PMID:Malaria - the mime. Recent lessons from a group of civilian travellers. 78 38

Rhesus monkey erythrocytes when incubated in vitro under similar conditions to those used for the cultivation of Plasmodium knowlesi-infected erythrocytes in vitro, exhibit an increase both in their osmotic fragility and in the activity of their acetylthiocholinesterase. No effect was observed on the catabolism of glucose through the glycolytic pathway or through the primary dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate pathway. The ATP content of normal monkey erythrocytes was also unchanged during incubation in vitro. These observations indicate that incubation of erythrocytes in vitro primarily causes membrane changes. Infection of normal erythrocytes by P. knowlesi was reduced markedly by preincubation in vitro at 37 degrees C for 24 and 48 h. These results suggest that the maintenance of integrity of the surface of the erythrocyte in vitro is a necessary prerequisite for an efficient culture system for the malaria parasite.
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PMID:The effect of incubation in vitro on the susceptibility of monkey erythrocytes to invasion by Plasmodium knowlesi. 82 5

A novel fixative and permeabilization method is described which allows simultaneous flow cytometric detection of red blood cell membrane antigen and intracellular malaria parasites. To illustrate the method, red blood cells from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria were infected with Plasmodium falciparum and maintained in synchronous red blood cell culture. The infected red blood cells were immunolabeled with antibodies directed to the complement regulatory protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF) followed by subsequent fixations in paraformaldehyde and then glutaraldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline. Finally, DNA of the intraerythrocytic parasites was stained with propidium iodide. Using this technique, cellular morphology was well preserved, no cell aggregation was observed, and high-quality indirect immunofluorescence and parasite DNA staining were obtained with negligible nonspecific labelling. Simultaneous measurement of parasite DNA and red blood cell membrane determinants makes possible the investigation of alterations of red cell membrane proteins in association with development of intracellular malaria parasites.
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PMID:Flow cytometric two-color staining technique for simultaneous determination of human erythrocyte membrane antigen and intracellular malarial DNA. 137 10

This study investigates protein glycosylation in the asexual intraerythrocytic stage of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and the presence in the infected erythrocyte of the respective precursors. In in vitro cultures, P. falciparum can be metabolically labeled with radioactive sugars, and its multiplication can be affected by glycosylation inhibitors, suggesting the capability of the parasite to perform protein-glycosylation reactions. Gel-filtration analysis of sugar-labeled malarial proteins before and after specific cleavage of N-glycans or O-glycans, respectively, revealed the majority of the protein-bound sugar label to be incorporated into O-glycans, but only little (7-12% of the glucosamine label) or no N-glycans were found. Analysis of the nucleotide sugar and sugar-phosphate fraction showed that radioactive galactose, glucosamine, fucose and ethanolamine were converted to their activated derivatives required for incorporation into protein. Mannose was mainly recovered as a bisphosphate, whereas the level of radiolabeled GDP-mannose was below the detection limit. The analysis of organic-solvent extracts of sugar-labeled cultures showed no evidence for the formation by the parasite of dolichol cycle intermediates, the dedicated precursors in protein N-glycosylation. Consistently, the amount of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine formed did not seem to be affected by the presence of tunicamycin in the culture. Oligosaccharyl-transferase activity was not detectable in a lysate of P. falciparum, using exogenous glycosyl donors and acceptors. Our studies show that O-glycosylation is the major form of protein glycosylation in intraerythrocytic P. falciparum, whereas there is little or no protein N-glycosylation. A part of these studies has been published in abstract form [Dieckmann-Schuppert, A., Hensel, J. and Schwarz, R. T. (1991) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 372, 645].
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PMID:Apparent lack of N-glycosylation in the asexual intraerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum. 137 32

A recombinant Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) antigen (rPfCSA) was produced in insect cells using a baculovirus expression vector containing the entire CS gene. This near full-length CS antigen was adsorbed onto aluminium phosphate for use as a malaria vaccine. In a study of safety and immunogenicity, 20 volunteers were divided into four groups of five each and inoculated intramuscularly with 10, 100, 500 or 1000 micrograms of vaccine. Primary vaccinations were followed by two booster immunizations at 2 and 6 months. Three volunteers developed prominent local reactions manifested as tenderness, redness and swelling at the injection site following the second or third vaccination. All symptoms resolved spontaneously within 72 h. Postimmunization sera from six of 20 volunteers showed seroconversions as measured by Western blot, using rPfCSA as antigen. However, specific anti-CS protein antibody could not be detected by indirect immunoflourescence against intact sporozoites or by ELISA using rPfCSA or peptide to the repeat region. In addition, 18 of 20 volunteers developed antibody to baculovirus proteins as determined by ELISA and/or Western blot. Antigen-driven replication studies using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinees failed to detect proliferative responses specific to CS protein. This recombinant CS protein vaccine, as formulated, was minimally immunogenic in humans.
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PMID:Safety and immunogenicity in volunteers of a recombinant Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein malaria vaccine produced in Lepidopteran cells. 145 10

The clinical and parasitologic efficacies of oral chloroquine phosphate, pyrimethamine/sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine/sulphalene in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria were assessed in selected sites of northeastern Nigeria (Zone D of the Primary Health Care (PHC) Programme) using a 14-day standard in-vivo protocol during 1988-1990. Of a total of 2056 children under 5 years screened for infection, for chloroquine trials, 1189 (57.8%) were positive for Plasmodium infection. One hundred and seventy (14.3%) of these positive children were enrolled into the study. Clinically, the drug demonstrated high performance in clearing symptoms of infection. However, varying degrees of parasitologic failure, ranging from delayed clearance through recrudescence to asymptomatic Type-II resistance, were encountered. For tests with pyrimethamine/sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine/sulphalene, 517 and 253 children, respectively, were screened. The corresponding infection rates were 71.6% (370 children) and 71.5% (181 children), with 59 and 34 enrollments. Both drugs were highly effective, clinically and parasitologically. These findings and their implications for the success of the PHC programme for malaria control are discussed.
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PMID:Efficacies of chloroquine, pyrimethamine/sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine/sulphalene against P. falciparum in northeastern Nigeria. 149 21


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