Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Malaria is still the most important parasitic disease in the southeastern part of Iran. The in vivo and in vitro studies of the response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in Sistan-Baluchestan and Hormozgan provinces (1985-1987) have shown resistance in Iran-Shahr and Bandar Abbas areas. However the parasite was sensitive in Minab area. From 38 chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum (CRPF) cases, found in the studied malarious areas, 13 cases were in Afghan immigrants, 3 in Pakistani and 3 in Iranians who had travelled to Pakistan. Also from 14 CRPF imported cases studied in Teheran, since 1984, four patients were Afghans, 2 Bangalese, one Pakistani and 2 Iranians returned back from India. These findings indicate the great role of migration in introduction and establishment of CRPF in the malarious areas of the southeastern part of Iran. The responses of P. falciparum to mefloquine in the above malarious areas were in general satisfactory. However in few sporadic cases, innate tolerance was observed.
 ...
PMID:Status of the response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and mefloquine in Iran. 269 84

A survey was undertaken between November 1994 and January 1995 to assess the knowledge and practice with respect to malaria of 1946 randomly selected households in endemic urban and rural areas of Hormozgan, Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan Provinces, southeast Iran. Knowledge of inhabitants was relatively poor in the study area despite activities to control the disease there for more than 35 years. Mean scores of the knowledge of the residents of the villages having access to primary health care (PHC) services was significantly lower than that under the services of the mobile teams which may reflect the insignificant attention which has been devoted to health education by PHC workers with respect to malaria and malaria control. An educational campaign directed at increasing the knowledge should result in greater acceptance of residents of personal protection methods and vector control and drug treatment programmes.
 ...
PMID:Knowledge and practice of residents about malaria in southeast Iran (1994). 910 60

A questionnaire about malaria knowledge, beliefs and practices was given to a random sample of 2168 married women from rural and urban areas of Sistan va Baluchestan, Islamic Republic of Iran. The mean knowledge score of subjects was low at 5.5 (maximum 15.0). Few respondents (37.6%) knew that malaria was an important disease in the area and only 58.4% knew that malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes. Most subjects (69.4%) never used a mosquito net. Only 49.9% of rural and 73.8% of urban residents would seek care for fever and chills from the local health centre. Community health workers (behvarz) were the main source of information (29.5%) for rural women; the role of physicians in education was minimal. Subsequent health education must be tailored to the educational needs of the target population in this area.
 ...
PMID:Knowledge, perceptions and prevention of malaria among women in Sistan va Baluchestan, Islamic Republic of Iran. 1575 16

Between 2002 and 2004, the standardized 28-day protocol recently developed by the World Health Organization was used to explore the efficacy of chloroquine, in the treatment of uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria, in five sentinel sites in southern Iran. All but 14 of the 158 patients enrolled (128, 28 and two from the provinces of Sistan-Baluchestan, Hormozgan and Kerman, respectively) were successfully followed-up. The overall frequency of treatment failure by day 28 was 78.5%, with 17.4% of the patients being classed as early treatment failures, 34.7% as late clinical failures, and 26.4% as late parasitological failures. There appeared to be no significant change in the frequency of treatment failure between the 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 transmission seasons, nor any significant between-site variation in the efficacy of chloroquine. Given these observations, the replacement of chloroquine, as the first-line drug for the treatment of uncomplicated, P. falciparum malaria in Iran, was inevitable. Artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine is now the recommended first-line treatment, with artemether-lumefantrine used for second-line treatment. The efficacies of these combination therapies are currently being evaluated and monitored.
 ...
PMID:Monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Iran. 1641 8

Mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) genes of Plasmodium falciparum have been correlated with and used to detect antifolate treatment failure, such as sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), in regions endemic for malaria. To determine the association between molecular markers of SP resistance and in vivo drug resistance, a quick and simple technique that detects single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DHFR and DHPS genes, using PCR-ELISA and sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes, was applied to 53 isolates obtained from an in vivo study in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, in southeastern Iran. Overall, 11.3% of these isolates were obtained from patients with SP treatment failure. Four DHFR polymorphisms (codons 51, 59, 108, and 164) and five DHPS polymorphisms (codons 436, 437, 540, 581, and 613) were investigated. Mutations DHFR Asn-108, DHFR Arg-59, and DHPS 436-Ala/Phe were very common (100, 81.1, and 85%, respectively). Plasmodium falciparum was isolated from 96% of patients with at least two DHFR/DHPS mutations. All resistant isolates had at least three mutations. The high prevalence of mutation associated with antifolate resistance may point toward low drug efficacy in the future.
 ...
PMID:Genotypes and in vivo resistance of Plasmodium falciparum isolates in an endemic region of Iran. 1702 59

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are soluble dimeric proteins that are involved in the metabolism, detoxification, and excretion of a large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds such as insecticides from the cell. In the current study, field specimens of Anopheles stephensi Liston, Anopheles fluviatilis James, and Anopheles culicifacies Giles collected from Sistan and Baluchistan province in Iran and subjected to World Health Organization susceptibility test. Only An. stephensi was resistant to 4% DDT. DNA extraction and rDNA-ITS2-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for correct species identification, followed by amplification of GSTe2 gene, including exon I and II and full sequence of intron I, identified a 500-bp fragment in these three species. These fragments were purified and sequenced from both ends. The comparison of coding sequence of GSTe2 gene between these species and with Anopheles gambiae Giles showed 82 to 86% similarity at nucleic acid levels and identified nucleotide polymorphisms within An. culicifacies and An. stephensi populations. Species-specific differences have been detected in intron I of GSTe2 gene. This is in concordance with the previous studies and confirmed the conserved nature of intron sequence in GSTe2 gene of each species, probably useful as a molecular marker for species-specific identification. Phylogenetic analysis based on rDNA-ITS2, and coding (exon I and II) and noncoding sequences of GSTe2, showed the systematic relatedness between Iranian malaria vectors and the possibility of using these sequences in both differentiation of Anopheles species and defining their evolutionary relationship with the only available GSTe2 sequence of An. gambiae. These data may be useful for implementation and evaluation of malaria control programs in aspects of population genetics and molecular resistance.
 ...
PMID:Identification, sequence analysis, and comparative study on GSTe2 insecticide resistance gene in three main world malaria vectors: Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles culicifacies, and Anopheles fluviatilis. 1716 49

Sistan and Baluchestan province, South-East of Iran, has been reported as an endemic area of malaria [Sadrizadeh B. Malaria in the world, in the eastern Mediterranean region and in Iran: Review article. WHO/EMRO Report 2001: 1-13.]. The main objective of this research was to perform rapid and correct diagnoses of malaria infection. Blood specimens were collected from 140 suspected volunteers. The Giemsa-stained slides examination and nested PCR for amplification of the Plasmodium small subunit ribosomal genes (ssrRNA) were utilized. The results demonstrated 118 out of 140 cases (84.3%) positive for malaria parasites, including 60.7%, 20.7% and 2.9% as having Plasmodium vivax (P.v), Plasmodium falciparum (P.f) and mixed infections (P.v+P.f), respectively by microscopy. The nested PCR detected malaria parasites in 134 samples (94.3%), consisting of 51.4% P.v, 12.6% P.f and 29.3% mixed infections. The PCR analysis detected 37 cases of mixed infections more than that of the routine microscopy. These results suggested that there are a considerable number of cases with mixed infections in the study area that mainly remain undiagnosed by microscopy. It is also concluded that the nested PCR is a suitable complement to microscopy for accurate specific diagnosis of malaria species in field.
 ...
PMID:High rate of detection of mixed infections of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in South-East of Iran, using nested PCR. 1725 91

In addition to numerous immune factors, C-reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) are believed to be molecules of malaria immunopathology. The objective of this study was to detect CRP and NO inductions by agglutination latex test and Griess microassay respectively in both control and malaria groups from endemic areas of Iran, including Southeastern (SE) (Sistan & Balouchestan, Hormozgan, Kerman) and Northwestern (NW) provinces (Ardabil). The results indicated that CRP and NO are produced in all malaria endemic areas of Iran. In addition, more CRP and NO positive cases were observed amongst malaria patients in comparison with those in control group. A variable co-association of CRP/NO production were detected between control and malaria groups, which depended upon the malaria endemic areas and the type of plasmodia infection. The percentage of CRP/NO positive cases was observed to be lower in NW compare to SE region, which may be due to the different type of plasmodium in the NW (Plasmodium vivax) with SE area (P. vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, mixed infection). The fluctuations in CRP/NO induction may be consistent with genetic background of patients. Although, CRP/NO may play important role in malaria, their actual function and interaction in clinical forms of disease remains unclear.
 ...
PMID:Patterns of co-association of C-reactive protein and nitric oxide in malaria in endemic areas of Iran. 1836 35

In this study, 333 blood samples of malaria cases positive by microscopic test (70.6% male and 29.4% female, p<0.05) were investigated. The group included 55 cases (16.52%) from Minab (Hormozgan Province), 116 cases (34.82%) from Iranshahr (Sistan-Baluchesta Province) and 162 cases (48.65%) from Kahnouj (Kerman Province). The results showed 244 cases (73.27%) were diagnosed as P. vivax, 87 cases (26.13%) P. falciparum and 2 cases (0.6%) showed a mixed infection of both Plasmodia. In a molecular study of the same samples using nested-polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR), 185 cases (55.6%) were P. vivax, 50 cases (15%) P. falciparum and 95 cases (29%) both Plasmodia. Comparing the two methods used in this study, the highest rate of infection was found to be P. vivax. However, the rate of mixed infections (0.6% microscopy, 29% nested-PCR) varied and depended on the assay used. This indicated that the sensitivity of nested-PCR was greater than microscopic examination, especially for the detection of mixed-infections (p<0.05) in the current malaria epidemiology study.
 ...
PMID:Molecular epidemiology of malaria in endemic areas of Iran. 1923 May 65

Southeast of Iran is an endemic area for Malaria and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). In 1999, we faced with an outbreak of CCHF in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, in the border of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The most cases of Malaria in Iran are also reported from this area. This article presents a 17-year- old woman who admitted to our hospital because of acute fever, headache, epistaxis, hemorrhagic lesions on the skin and vaginal bleeding. Finally, she was recognized as a case that was co -infected with CCHF and malaria.
 ...
PMID:Co-infection of Malaria and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. 2234 6


1 2 Next >>