Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The replacement of Freund's adjuvant by a possible safe adjuvant for effective immunization of owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra) against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has been investigated. Experiments involved the use of two synthetic adjuvants: MDP (N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) and stearoyl-MDP (6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine). In both cases, P. falciparum merozoites obtained through short-term in vitro cultivation were used as antigen. MPD was used as adjuvant in 5 owl monkeys; 2 control monkeys died and of the 3 experimental monkeys only 1 survived. In contrast, in another experiment where stearoyl-MDP was used as adjuvant, there was 100% protection of 4 immunized monkeys against a challenge with the homologous strain of P. falciparum. The results of the second experiment are encouraging for the development of an effective and safe vaccine for human malaria.
 ...
PMID:Immunization of experimental monkeys against Plasmodium falciparum: use of synthetic adjuvants. 12 Jul 68

Vaccination of primates against malaria using antigen derived from erythrocytic parasite stages has been most successful where Freund's complete adjuvant has been employed. Since this adjuvant is clinically unacceptable its replacement is a matter of urgency.In the present work a muramyldipeptide derivative (nor-MDP) given in mineral oil has proved to be partially effective as an adjuvant for merozoite vaccination of Macaca mulatta against Plasmodium knowlesi, and saponin has proved to be effective in similar vaccination of M. fascicularis.
 ...
PMID:Nor-MDP, saponin, corynebacteria, and pertussis organisms as immunological adjuvants in experimental malaria vaccination of macaques. 23 28

Different immunomodulators were tried for their efficacy to protect against the lethal infection of Plasmodium berghei in mice. Since MDP was the most effective non-FCA adjuvant imparting a significant degree of protection, histopathological studies were undertaken in mice protected by using this adjuvant in comparison with mice suffering from acute malaria. The malarious mice revealed abnormalities of the liver, spleen and kidney, whereas these abnormalities were minimal in the MDP-immunized mice. The results are consistent with the degree of protection induced by MDP, and are significant with respect to the effectiveness of the non-FCA adjuvant in causing minimal histopathological abnormalities.
 ...
PMID:Histopathological studies in relation to protection induced by using MDP as an adjuvant in malaria. 182 59

The Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein (gp195) is a protective antigen against lethal malaria. However, increasing evidence indicates that the efficacy of a malaria vaccine will require a strong adjuvant that is safe for human use. We compared the efficacies of two low-toxicity synthetic immunomodulators, B30-MDP (a lipophilic muramyl dipeptide derivative) and LA-15-PH (a synthetic equivalent of monophosphoryl lipid A), with that of Freund complete adjuvant (FCA) in eliciting an antibody response to gp195. Rabbits were immunized with native gp195 and B30-MDP, LA-15-PH, or the two in combination, with liposomes as the vehicle. Aluminum hydroxide and FCA were used as reference adjuvants. Results showed that adjuvant formulations based on B30-MDP alone or in combination with LA-15-PH induced high antibody titers to gp195, as compared with FCA. LA-15-PH alone was less effective. Aluminum hydroxide induced significantly lower antibody titers. The functional activity of the rabbit anti-gp195 antibodies induced by different adjuvants was evaluated in an in vitro parasite growth inhibition assay previously shown to correlate with anti-gp195 immunity in the Aotus monkey model. All rabbits immunized with B30-MDP-LA-15-PH and two of three rabbits immunized with B30-MDP alone produced sera that strongly inhibited parasite growth. The degree of growth inhibition was similar to that with FCA. The antibody titers of the rabbits receiving B30-MDP-LA-15-PH strongly correlated with the degree of in vitro growth inhibition. Our findings provided strong evidence that adjuvant formulations based on synthetic B30-MDP and LA-15-PH can replace FCA as adjuvants in stimulating protective immunity specific for gp195.
 ...
PMID:Synthetic low-toxicity muramyl dipeptide and monophosphoryl lipid A replace Freund complete adjuvant in inducing growth-inhibitory antibodies to the Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein, gp195. 201 29

The immunogenicity of a malaria peptide presented in various forms was tested in terms of the quality and quantity of the antibody response in rabbits. Peptide conjugated to a protein carrier, diphtheria toxoid (DT), required strong adjuvants (e.g. muramyl dipeptide, MDP and Freund's adjuvant, FCA) to elicit high levels of antibody with high avidity. Alum was a poor adjuvant, producing the lowest titre and avidity of antibody compared with all the other groups. Peptide expressed in vaccinia (and without carrier) produced intermediate levels of antibody but the avidity of the antibodies produced were comparable to that produced by peptide conjugates given with muramyl dipeptide.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of antibody avidity and titre elicited by peptide as a protein conjugate or as expressed in vaccinia. 305 55