Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Genetic analysis was performed on two polymorphic enzyme systems in the malaria vector, Anopheles culicifacies Giles. The data indicate that both enzymes, octanol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase, are controlled by autosomal loci but that these two loci are not linked. The three expected linkage groups in this mosquito have now been identified: linkage group I contains sex and rose-eye; linkage group II contains Odh; and linkage group III contains Acph.
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PMID:Genetic analysis of two enzyme polymorphisms in a malaria vector mosquito: octanol dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase in Anopheles culicifacies Giles. 73 Oct 6

The frequency of PC allele for acid phosphatase in fourteen Sardinian villages correlates positively with the altitude and negatively with past malarial morbidity and GdMed prevalence. The susceptibility towards hemolytic favism in Sardinian males with G6PD deficiency is dependent on the erythrocyte acid phosphatase and thalassemia phenotypes. Thalassemia trait exerts a protective action only in subjects carrying PA allele for acid phosphatase. The data suggest that the gradient for malaria morbidity directly or indirectly, through interactions with thalassemia and G6PD polymorphisms, mediated by the habit of eating Vecia faba, may have had a significant role in determining the heterogeneous distribution of acid phosphatase polymorphism in Sardinia. Besides malaria, other environmental factors related with altitude seem to have been very important in shaping the present pattern of distribution of both acid phosphatase and G6PD polymorphisms in Sardinia.
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PMID:Red cell acid phosphatase: another polymorphism correlated with Malaria? 118 Mar 55

The level of resistance to infection in inbred mice with the murine malaria species Plasmodium chabaudi AS is genetically determined. Resistant C57BL/6, which are able to eliminate the parasite by 4 weeks, develop marked splenomegaly and survive the infection. Susceptible A/J mice, which succumb to infection (mean survival time = 10 days), develop only minimal splenomegaly. In order to determine if gross differences in the organization, number, and type of spleen cells are related to the outcome of infection with P. chabaudi AS, the development of splenomegaly was examined by enzyme and immunohistochemical methods during the first week after infection. Cryostat sections of spleens removed from normal animals of both strains and at 4 and 7 days after intraperitoneal infection with 10(6) parasitized erythrocytes were stained for enzyme (acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase) and immunohistochemistry with conventional monoclonal antibodies against T cells, B cells, and macrophages as well as with novel rat anti-mouse monoclonal antibodies which define discrete subpopulations of macrophages in the mouse spleen. The livers of normal and infected animals of each strain were also examined. The results of this study demonstrate (1) differences between normal, uninfected B6 and A/J mice in the organization and number of one subpopulation of macrophages in the spleen, the marginal metallophilic macrophages, and (2) marked histological changes in the spleen and liver during the course of infection in both resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible A/J mice. These changes include depletion of cells from the marginal zone of the spleen which, in the case of the marginal metallophilic macrophages, appears to be more severe in susceptible A/J mice.
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PMID:Histological changes in the spleen and liver of C57BL/6 and A/J mice during Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection. 278 81

Enzyme histochemical methods were performed on sporozoite infected liver tissue of rats in order to gain insight into the nutrition and metabolism of exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium berghei. The following enzymes were demonstrated in the hepatocytic stages of the parasites, obtained 41 and 48 h after inoculation of sporozoites: acid phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase, NADH-tetrazolium reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, NAD+ and NADP+ dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADP+-dependent malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenases, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases and alpha-glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase. The results suggest that a conventional Embden-Meyerhoff pathway, pentose phosphate pathway and Krebs' citric acid cycle may in part be present in these exoerythrocytic parasites. Alkaline phosphatase, nucleoside polyphosphatase, 5' nucleotidase, glucose-6-phosphatase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase, NAD+ dependent malate dehydrogenase, amino-peptidase M and non-specific esterases were not detected by our techniques in the parasite. The enzyme distribution of this intrahepatocytic malaria parasite revealed by histochemistry is compared with the enzyme distribution in the other phases of the parasite's life cycle.
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PMID:Histochemical observations on the exoerythrocytic malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in rat liver. 608 94

Mosquitoes are the most important arthropod disease vectors, transmitting a broad range of pathogens that cause diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and yellow fever. Mosquitoes and other insects are able to mount powerful cellular and humoral immune responses against invading pathogens. To date, most studies have concentrated on the humoral response. In the current study we describe the hemocytes (blood cells) of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, by means of morphology, lectin binding, and enzyme activity and immunocytochemistry. Our light and electron microscopic studies suggest the presence of four distinct hemocyte types: granulocytes, oenocytoids, adipohemocytes, and thrombocytoids. We believe granulocytes and oenocytoids are true circulating hemocytes, but adipohemocytes and thrombocytoids are likely adhered to fixed tissues. Granulocytes, the most abundant cell type, have acid phosphatase and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity, and bind the exogenous lectins WGA, HPA, and GNL. Phenoloxidase, an essential enzyme in the melanotic encapsulation immune response, was detected inside oenocytoids. This is, to our knowledge, the first report that has detected phenoloxidase inside mosquito hemocytes at the ultrastructural level. These results have begun to form a knowledge base for our ongoing studies on the function of Ae. aegypti hemocytes, and their involvement in controlling infections.
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PMID:Characterization of hemocytes from the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. 1202 90

Almost all individuals (182) belonging to an Amazonian riverine population (Portuchuelo, RO, Brazil) were investigated for ascertaining data on epidemiological aspects of malaria. Thirteen genetic blood polymorphisms were investigated (ABO, MNSs, Rh, Kell, and Duffy systems, haptoglobins, hemoglobins, and the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyoxalase, phosphoglucomutase, carbonic anhydrase, red cell acid phosphatase, and esterase D). The results indicated that the Duffy system is associated with susceptibility to malaria, as observed in other endemic areas. Moreover, suggestions also arose indicating that the EsD and Rh loci may be significantly associated with resistance to malaria. If statistical type II errors and sample stratification could be ruled out, hypotheses on the existence of a causal mechanism or an unknown closely linked locus involved in susceptibility to malaria infection may explain the present findings.
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PMID:The association of genetic markers and malaria infection in the Brazilian Western Amazonian region. 1293 53

The activities of total serum acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) and of two of its isoenzymes, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and erythrocyte-specific acid phosphatase were measured in 109 adult male and female patients presenting acute falciparum malaria infection, and a normal, healthy control group comprised of 82 subjects. All the three forms of acid phosphatase were found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher during infection as compared to their activity in the control group. This result suggests that the measurement of acid phosphatase, particularly the erythrocyte isoenzyme, in serum could be potentially used as a biomarker of acute falciparum malaria infection.
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PMID:Elevated total and isoenzyme forms of acid phosphatase in falciparum malaria. 1643 36

Malaria leads to pathophysiological and biochemical alterations in placenta and blood of pregnant mice. A significant decrease in the sugar, protein and lipid levels in the placental homogenate of pregnant-infected mice was observed compared to the pregnant mice. However, serum protein content was not altered much in the pregnant-infected mice as compared to the levels in control mice. The serum lipid level enhanced significantly in both pregnant and non pregnant-infected mice. The enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase altered significantly in malaria-infected placenta. Our study clearly highlights the possible role of these enzymes in damaging the placenta which in turn may jeoparadise the fetal growth together with altered biochemistry of placenta. Therefore biochemical along with pathological alterations occurring during malaria infection in pregnancy may account for compromised maternal fetal relationship.
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PMID:Plasmodium berghei induced biochemical alterations in pregnant mice. 1759 79

The functional metabolic activity of neutrophilic leukocytes underwent clinical laboratory assessment in tropical malaria. A significant inhibited activity of myeloperoxidase and decreased levels of cationic protein, glycogen, and lipids were revealed while the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatase were increased. The degree of changes in the enzymatic activity of leukocytes and the level of intraleukocytic components depended on both the stage of the disease and the degree of the pathological process and the presence of mixed infections. The maximum changes in the content of all components of the neutrophilic microbicidal system were noted in patients with tropic malaria concurrent with typhoid fever. The values of the peripheral neutrophilic microbicidal system may be used as additional criteria for evaluating the severity and prognosis of tropical malaria.
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PMID:[Time course of cytochemical changes in the microbicidal system of neutrophilic granulocytes in children with tropical malaria]. 1956 67

The most deadly of the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, has different stages specialized for invasion of hepatocytes, erythrocytes, and the mosquito gut wall. In each case, host cell invasion is powered by an actin-myosin motor complex that is linked to an inner membrane complex (IMC) via a membrane anchor called the glideosome-associated protein 50 (PfGAP50). We generated P. falciparum transfectants expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras of PfGAP50 (PfGAP50-GFP). Using immunoprecipitation and fluorescence photobleaching, we show that C-terminally tagged PfGAP50-GFP can form a complex with endogenous copies of the linker protein PfGAP45 and the myosin A tail domain-interacting protein (MTIP). Full-length PfGAP50-GFP is located in the endoplasmic reticulum in early-stage parasites and then redistributes to apical caps during the formation of daughter merozoites. In the final stage of schizogony, the PfGAP50-GFP profile extends further around the merozoite surface. Three-dimensional (3D) structured illumination microscopy reveals the early-stage IMC as a doubly punctured flat ellipsoid that separates to form claw-shaped apposed structures. A GFP fusion of PfGAP50 lacking the C-terminal membrane anchor is misdirected to the parasitophorous vacuole. Replacement of the acid phosphatase homology domain of PfGAP50 with GFP appears to allow correct trafficking of the chimera but confers a growth disadvantage.
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PMID:Tracking Glideosome-associated protein 50 reveals the development and organization of the inner membrane complex of Plasmodium falciparum. 2123 23


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