Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using a presumptive animal model of the pruritus produced by chloroquine or amodiaquine in patients with malaria, the ability of mono de-ethylated chloroquine, chloroquine, mono de-ethylated amodiaquine, bi-de-ethylated amodiaquine and normal saline (placebo) to be differentiated in their pruritogenic potentials were determined. The six-hour totals of the visually-monitored pruritic activity showed that the mono de-ethylated chloroquine was no more pruritogenic than placebo (normal saline) and sedated the animals, unlike the mono-de-ethylated and the bi-de-ethylated amodiaquine metabolites which retained the known pruritogenic activity of their parent compound. It is concluded that 4-aminoquinolines with a simple aliphatic side group, like chloroquine, on losing an ethyl group (de-alkylation) have a significant reduction in the pruritogenic effect, but with a more complex aromatic side group, like amodiaquine, even the loss of both ethyl groups does not appreciably decrease their pruritogenic qualities. Thus, the dog model is apparently sensitive enough to be used as a biological animal screen for pruritogenic potentials among quinoline antimalarial drug candidates, and for structure-activity relationship studies in pruritus research.
J Dermatol Sci 1991 Mar
PMID:Structure activity relationships in the pruritogenicity of chloroquine and amodiaquine metabolites in a dog model. 206 3

Malaria is the most common disease in the world, with 100 million new cases a year. Statistics, however, seem to show that skin diseases are next on the list of most common diseases in developing countries.
Int J Dermatol 1990 Sep
PMID:Conditions for dermatological treatment in a developing country. 222 82

An 86-year-old woman presented with bluish black macules on each buttock. Skin biopsy revealed ochronotic pigment in the dermis. On the basis of negative results of a urine test for alkaptonuria and a history of having received quinine injections for malaria 70 years ago, the patient was diagnosed as having localized exogenous ochronosis resulting from quinine injections. Exogenous ochronosis has been reported following the topical use of phenol in leg ulcers, the topical use of hydroquinone bleaching creams in black persons, and the oral administration of antimalarials for malaria and connective tissue diseases, but we could find no reports in the literature of exogenous ochronosis following intramuscular injections of antimalarials.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1986 Aug
PMID:Exogenous ochronosis resulting from quinine injections. 373 83

The antimalarials, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and quinacrine, are used primarily for malaria; but they can be beneficial for cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE), polymorphous light eruption, solar urticaria, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Antimalarials bind to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which prevents DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase reactions and DNA heat inactivation; and they inhibit the LE cell phenomenon, antinuclear antibody reactions, and suppress lymphocyte transformation. By competing with calcium ion, they stabilize membranes and have an anesthetic effect. Their anti-inflammatory potential is due to their inhibition of hydrolytic enzymes, stabilization of lysosomes, interference with prostaglandin synthesis, blocking of chemotaxis, and antagonism of histamine responses. The antimalarials have no sunscreening properties. The most common toxic effects are cutaneous pigmentation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mild ileus, and cycloplegia. There has been a reluctance to use chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine because of the possibility of retinopathy. However, if the "safe" daily dose limit of chloroquine, 2 mg per pound of body weight, and of hydroxychloroquine, 3.5 mg per pound of body weight, is followed, the chance of retinopathy is slight. Quinacrine does not cause retinopathy, but it has more cutaneous side effects than the other two agents.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1981 Jun
PMID:Antimalarials. 616 44

The population of children younger than 5 years old in three widely distributed villages in Punjab, Pakistan, was examined for skin disease in November 1980. Approximately 29% of the children had infectious skin disease, with pyoderma the predominant diagnostic category. There were significant differences in pyoderma prevalence rates between villages, with the suppressive effect of malathion spraying for malaria control on the insect population representing the most likely explanation for the observed differences. These data again emphasize the amount of skin disease, particularly in children, in rural areas of the lesser developed countries, and the desirability of focusing attention on the dermatologic needs of this vast sector of the world's population.
Int J Dermatol 1984 Nov
PMID:Pediatric skin disease in Pakistan. A study of three Punjab villages. 651 73

A questionnaire survey was performed among 550 acutely febrile patients with malaria to determine whether pruritus accompanied chloroquine therapy when the drug was employed to suppress paroxysmal febrile attacks. Eighty-one (74.3%) of the 109 respondents, including two Asian and one white patients, recalled the past occurrence of regular (60%) or occasional (40%) pruritus under those conditions, and 15 black patients (13.8%) under active treatment were currently experiencing itching. The typical pruritic reaction following chloroquine administration was generalized, began after a latency of 11 +/- 9 hours (mean +/- SD of 15 acute reactions), increased to a moderately severe peak of intensity within 25 +/- 12 hours, remained maximal for about 12 hours, and then gradually subsided completely 55 +/- 21 hours after onset. Antihistamines were largely ineffective for the relief of pruritus. These results suggest that certain undetermined factors, present in febrile patients with malaria, predispose to 4-aminoquinoline-induced pruritus. Black patients may have an increased susceptibility to this symptomatic drug reaction.
Arch Dermatol 1984 Jan
PMID:Chloroquine-induced pruritus among patients with malaria. 669 18

Between 1916 and 1955 the Mayo Clinic became recognized as one of the premier institutions specializing in the treatment of syphilis. First under the direction of John H. Stokes (1916-1924) and later Paul A. O'Leary (1924-1953), its Department of Dermatology and Syphilology, together with the members of the Clinical Cooperative Study Group, oversaw the establishment of standardized methods for the administration of the existing arsenicals and the introduction of new therapies. Malaria therapy, heat therapy, penicillin, and oxytetracycline each represented important advances in the treatment of syphilis and were extensively evaluated. Two important ancillary benefits of syphilis treatment were the development of routine intravenous techniques, which would later prove invaluable for the administration of antibiotics and cancer drugs, and the establishment of large cooperative clinical trials, the first of their kind. Under the leadership of Stokes and O'Leary the department produced a stream of pivotal clinical research that contributed to the effective management of syphilis in the United States.
J Am Acad Dermatol 1995 Feb
PMID:From mercury to malaria to penicillin: the history of the treatment of syphilis at the Mayo Clinic--1916-1955. 782 12

A case of purpura fulminans in a 44 year old woman infected with malaria is reported. The patient had laboratory findings consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation and a severe eruption consisting of hemorrhagic bullae and crusts. This case is presented to elucidate another cutaneous manifestation of malaria.
Eur J Dermatol 2000 Dec
PMID:Purpura fulminans in a patient with malaria. 1112 25

Pyrimethamine is used for the treatment of toxoplasmosis and the prophylaxis of malaria. Among the well-documented side effects are megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, thrombopenia, rash, vomiting, and diarrhea. Hyperpigmentation is a very rare side effect. In some patients, associated HIV infection makes it difficult to distinguish the reasons for the etiology. We herein describe an HIV-negative patient who developed hyperpigmentation after pyrimethamine use.
J Dermatol 2002 Jul
PMID:Hyperpigmentation due to pyrimethamine use. 1218 45

Although antimalarial drugs have been developed primarily to treat malaria, they are also beneficial for many dermatological, immunological, and rheumatological diseases, for which they are mostly used today in the Western world. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of quinine sulfate (QS) on the multiplication and adsorption of herpes virus type I (HSV-1). When Vero cells (African green monkey kidney) are infected with HSV-1 in the presence of QS, the viral adsorption is reduced, as demonstrated by a decrease of the number of microscopic plaques of the virus. When the virus-infected Vero cells are incubated in the presence of QS, the multiplication of HSV-1 is also reduced, and the diameter of the plaque are visibly smaller. The practical implications of the antiviral action of antimalarial drugs might be especially important to immunosuppressed patients who receive these drugs for autoimmune collagen-vascular diseases or as additional therapy for AIDS.
Dermatol Online J 2003 Aug
PMID:Quinine sulfate and HSV replication. 1295 50


1 2 3 4 Next >>