Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Many deaths were recorded in village Baniyani of Talgram PHC of District Farrukhabad, U.P. during August to November 1991, which is the malaria transmission season in this area. Integrated measures, like one-round spraying of DDT and HCH, six-round fogging of malathion and six-time application of Baytex in mosquito breeding sites, were adopted by the Health Department of the U.P. government to avert an epidemic. Investigations carried out by the Malaria Research Centre during November and December 1991 showed low mosquito densities and larval positivity but very high incidence of malaria in the village. No malaria case was recorded by the surveillance worker of the Health Department of the state government before the outbreak of the disease. However, high slide falciparum rate (51.57), child parasite rate (40.0), infant parasite rate (66.66) and spleen rate (82.90) in the village clearly indicated hyperendemic conditions in the area and hence deaths recorded in the village during the malaria transmission period could be due to malaria only. Major factors responsible for the deaths due to malaria in the village were poor surveillance, faulty diagnosis, and low literacy and socio-economic status of the villagers.
 ...
PMID:Malaria epidemic in Baniyani village, District Farrukhabad (U.P.). 129 43

Samples of air from rooms in a residential and rural environment, treated with either DDT or HCH at rates recommended for mosquito control under the National Malaria Eradication Programme of India, i.e. 2 and 3 g m-2, respectively, were analyzed for the residues of these insecticides. During the 8-month sampling period, DDT and HCH levels in indoor air ranged from 1.0 to 14.6 and 0.9 to 2000.1 micrograms m-3, respectively. After an initial fall, residues of DDT showed an increase again and were 5.9 micrograms m-3 in samples collected 240 days after the initial application. In contrast, HCH residues declined at a fast rate in a few days after application and remained low at the time of subsequent samplings. HCH residues were present chiefly in the vapour phase throughout the study. Thirty-four to seventy-eight percent of DDT residues were found in the particulate phase in the samples collected up to 64 days after its application and exclusively in the vapour phase at the time of later samplings. Apart from the contamination of food and feed commodities stored in premises treated for malaria control by absorption of insecticides present in the indoor atmosphere, the residues of these persistent compounds in air are also likely to result in low level pollution of the surrounding and distant environmental media by their dispersion in the global ecosystem.
 ...
PMID:DDT and HCH residues in indoor air arising from their use in malaria control programmes. 138 25

Researchers analyzed data from interviews with 40 mothers living in suburban Harare, Zimbabwe and analyses of their breast milk to study contamination levels of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk. The 14 mothers living in the low-density suburbs of Milton Park, Queensdale, Avondale, and Borrowdale had a higher socioeconomic status and a higher educational status than the other mothers. These 14 mothers also had a nutritious diet and adequate knowledge of pesticides and their use (group 1). The high-density suburbs included Mbare, Mufakose-Kambuzuma, Dzivaresekwa, and Epworth. The 26 mothers living in these areas tended to be of a low socioeconomic status and have only primary education, poor diet, and limited pesticide knowledge (group 2). Breast milk of Group 2 mothers contained a higher mean level of total DDT (as expressed in ppm mg/kg of fat weight) and DDT/DDE ratio than group 1 breast milk, but the differences were insignificant (7.39 vs. 3.44 and 0.93 vs 0.37). The total DDT intake surpassed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for infants based on the FAO/WHO ADI for adults. Yet no evidence existed that this amount was harmful to infants. The only metabolite found in the breast milk of all mothers was p,p'-DDE (the major metabolite of p,p'-DDT). Its mean was highest in group 2 breast milk (2.72 vs. 2.18). These results reflected the continued use of DDT in agriculture and effects of the malaria control program in Zimbabwe. The persistent levels of p,p'-DDE also indicated that the women ate meat from animals in which p,p'-DDE had accumulated. Residues of 3 lindane isomers were present in 58-100% of the breast milk samples with beta-HCH being the most persistent. Dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide levels were quite low (mean 0.05 and 0.01 respectively) indicating minimal use Zimbabwe. The researchers reiterated a commitment to breast feeding, but further research about the effects of pesticide residues is needed.
 ...
PMID:Residues of organochlorine pesticides in human milk from mothers living in the greater Harare area of Zimbabwe. 179 May 53

A field study to evaluate the impact of deltamethrin spraying on DDT and HCH resistant A. culicifacies population was carried out in Razapur primary health centre (PHC), Distt. Ghaziabad (U.P.) India. The PHC comprising of about 0.14 million population was divided into 3 sections of equal size and sprayed with (i) 3 rounds at 12.5 mg/sq m at 6 weeks interval, and (ii) 2 rounds each at 20 mg/sq m and 25 mg/sq m at 8 weeks interval. One section in Dadri PHC located at a distance of about 22 kms was held as control. In this area 3 rounds of HCH were sprayed by the NMEP as was done to control malaria in this district. Deltamethrin spraying was carried out for 3 years. Results revealed that spraying at 12.5, 20 and 25 mg/sq m resulted in drastic reduction of DDT and HCH resistant A. culicifacies population and in the interruption of malaria transmission. In control area high vector densities and malaria transmission was encountered throughout the period of study. Spraying of deltamethrin resulted in build-up of Culex quinquefasciatus population due to resistance.
 ...
PMID:Field evaluation of deltamethrin against resistant Anopheles culicifacies in Distt. Ghaziabad (U.P.) India. 238 82

Samples of wheat grain, straw, flour and green fodder taken from houses sprayed with either HCH or DDT for mosquito control showed the presence of HCH residues at concentrations of up to 91.2, 208.8, 33.1 and 459.0 mg kg-1 and DDT residues up to 11.3, 86.1, 2.2 and 5.4 mg kg-1, respectively. The mean level of HCH residues in samples of wheat grain collected from randomly selected houses in areas sprayed with HCH for the control of malaria was approximately 8 times higher than that for corresponding samples from DDT sprayed areas. In contrast, DDT residues in wheat grain samples from the DDT sprayed area were 3 times higher than the samples from the HCH sprayed area. The results suggest that significant amounts of residues of HCH and DDT become transferred to commodities stored in houses sprayed with these insecticides for mosquito control.
 ...
PMID:Contamination of stored food and feed commodities from indoor use of HCH and DDT in malaria control programmes. 247 Jan 45

Samples of bovine (Buffalo, Bubalus bubalis (L.)) milk collected from randomly selected houses of Ludhiana and Sangrur districts of Punjab, India, where DDT and HCH, respectively, had been sprayed for the control of malaria, were analysed for insecticide residues between September 1985 and June 1986. The average concentration of DDT residues in samples from the DDT sprayed area were approximately 4-12 times higher than those in the corresponding samples from HCH sprayed areas. Mean levels of HCH residues in samples from the HCH sprayed area were greater than those in samples from DDT sprayed areas by factors of 2-11. Milk samples collected from four rural houses in each district before and after applications of DDT or HCH for mosquito control also showed that indoor use of these insecticides results in a substantial increase in residue levels. About 74% of the samples analysed contained DDT residues above the extraneous residue limit of 0.05 mgkg-1 (whole milk basis). Estimated maximum daily intakes of DDT and beta-HCH through consumption of contaminated milk by 1-3-year-old children exceeded their acceptable daily intakes by nearly three and five times, respectively.
 ...
PMID:Contamination of bovine (buffalo, Bubalus bubalis (L.)) milk from indoor use of DDT and HCH in malaria control programmes. 248 Jun 40

Differential responses of Anopheles culicifacies Giles sibling species A and B to DDT were evident from higher survival rate of species B in laboratory bioassays and greater proportions of species B in DDT-sprayed villages of northern India, compared with those under HCH pressure. Both species A and B have become almost completely resistant to HCH in this area due to regular house-spraying with HCH for about the last 10 years. Because species A predominates in northern India, where it has been incriminated as an important vector of malaria, and species A is more susceptible than species B to DDT, it is suggested that DDT would control malaria transmission more effectively than HCH in this situation. Monitoring of insecticide resistance in species A is therefore recommended as the basis for future choice of insecticides to be used by the National Malaria Eradication Programme.
 ...
PMID:Responses of Anopheles culicifacies sibling species A and B to DDT and HCH in India: implications in malaria control. 248 70

Bizadandi block of District Mandla was selected for demonstration of bio-environmental control of malaria. The project presently covers 80 experimental villages and 12 control villages. In this area, because of indifferent surveillance and spraying in the past (from 1978-86) the API was reported low and the parasite reservoir in the community had built up over the years. At the outset of the study the malaria prevalence was high with preponderance of P. falciparum. Densities of A. culicifacies were very high and A. fluviatilis was also present. P. falciparum predominated in both experimental and control area during 1988 than in 1987. Annual blood examination rate (ABER) was 73.6 and 57.5 and annual parasite incidence (API) was 114.7 and 228.0 in experimental and control villages in 1987, while in 1988, ABER and API was 63 and 73 and 112 and 316 in experimental and control, respectively. There was constant stabilization of Pf in neighbouring blocks in 1988 while in experimental areas Pf percentage has come down appreciably during March to June. It is very alarming to note that the parasite reservoir in control villages was sufficient to maintain active transmission even when antimalarial activities are at a peak. The application of residual insecticides like DDT and HCH has no tangible impact on the reduction in vector densities and the transmission of malaria. Even if a replacement insecticide like malathion is used it may produce very limited impact on vector densities in such forested zones. Thus, there is an urgent need to intensify integrated malaria control operations in the area on long term basis.
 ...
PMID:Bio-environmental control of malaria in a tribal area of Mandla district, Madhya Pradesh, India. 257 25

Malaria survey was undertaken in 7 villages of Kundam PHC from August 1987 to July 1988. Epidemiological findings revealed high spleen (20-70), child parasite (40-85) and infant parasite rates (20-75) in the area. P. falciparum was the predominant species and unchecked malaria transmission continued almost throughout the year. The study of monthwise distribution of positive cases and the period during which intensive intervention measures were undertaken revealed that despite an extra round of HCH and intensive chemotherapeutic measures, there was no marked decrease in the prevalence of malaria.
 ...
PMID:Persistent malaria transmission in Kundam block, district Jabalpur (M.P.). 280 85

A questionnaire inquiring into the nature of schemes for the insecticidal control of disease vectors, the development of resistance in these vectors, and the effect of any such resistance on their control and on the extent of disease was sent to more than 100 health authorities throughout the world. The replies to the questionnaire are summarized in this paper.Until recently, the use of insecticides in public health has been largely based on three organochlorine compounds-DDT, HCH and dieldrin. However, in some countries resistance to these has now severely affected control both of many insect species and of the diseases they transmit (e.g., malaria, yellow fever, filariasis, typhus, plague). Certain other public health problems (onchocerciasis, Chagas' disease, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis) have not so far been greatly affected by resistance, but it is difficult to be sure of the continued reliability of the organochlorines.Research in the past 5 years, much of it sponsored by WHO, has shown the value of various organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides as replacements for the organochlorines, although resistance to them, too, can occur. Attention must therefore be focused on all facets of the use of these newer compounds and particular scrutiny made of possible instances of resistance to them.
 ...
PMID:The impact of insecticide-resistance on control of vectors and vector-borne diseases. 530 34


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>