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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human malaria is caused by four species of the genus plasmodium. The sexual stage of the parasite occurs in the mosquito and asexual reproduction occurs in man. Symptoms of fever, chills, headache, and myalgia result from the invasion and rupture of erythrocytes. Merozoites are released from erythrocytes and invade other cells, thus propagating the infection. The most vulnerable hosts are nonimmune travelers, young children living in the tropics, and pregnant women. P. falciparum causes the most severe infections because it infects RBCs of all ages and has the propensity to develop resistance to antimalarials. Rapid diagnosis can be made with a malarial smear, and treatment should be initiated promptly. In some regions (Mexico, Central America except Panama, and North Africa) chloroquine phosphate is effective therapy. In subsaharan Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia, chloroquine resistance has become widespread, and other antimalarials are necessary. The primary care physician should have a high index of suspicion for malaria in the traveler returning from the tropics. Malaria should also be suspected in the febrile transfusion recipient and newborns of mothers with malaria.
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PMID:Malaria. 201 38

The 11 cases of malaria admitted to Kaohsiung Medical College Hospital in the past 10 years were analyzed to assess the characteristics of patients who acquired malaria parasite infection. Nine of the patients contracted malaria in Southeast Asia. Two men had received antimalarial chemoprophylaxis before they went abroad and another two men relapsed after antimalarial treatment. The initial symptoms and signs were nonspecific, including fever, chills, abdominal pain and hepatosplenomegaly. Seven patients responded well to the antimalarial regimens. Two persons developed meningeal malaria. Resistance to chloroquine and primaquine and even to quinine was noted in another two cases. Hypoglycemia was diagnosed in one of latter two patients who developed heavy parasitemia (26%), acute renal failure and died 5 days after treatment. Peripheral blood smear examination is a simple and quick method to make a diagnosis in any suspicious case. Resistance to chloroquine and primaquine is not uncommon, especially in those who acquired the infection in Southeast Asia. Changing to more potent agents and aggressive management in complicated cases is necessary.
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PMID:Clinical experience on malaria. 205 63

We reported a rare case of Plasmodium vivax malaria who showed findings of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). A 50-year-old Japanese male was sent to our hospital with the diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax malaria on the 26th of April, 1990. He had stayed in the Solomon Islands from Oct. 1987 to Dec. 1989, and had febrile episodes during his stay in the island. On April 18, 1990, he complained of a high fever with chills, and showed the same episodes on the 20th, 22th and was diagnosed as malaria. He was treated successfully with the sulfadoxine 500 mg and pyrimethamine 25mg (Fansidar), following the normal temperature on the 4th day and disappearance of malarial parasites in the peripheral blood smear on the 6th day. Interestingly, he had thrombocytopenia and a high titer serum level of fibrin degradation product (FDP) supporting the questionable diagnosis of DIC. Even on the 12th day after improved thrombocytopenia by treatment with Gabexate (FOY), the serum level of FDP, D-dimer and thrombin-nati-thrombin (TAT)III complex still remained at high titer levels. One month later he was readmitted for a relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria, when he showed thrombocytopenia but the serum level of FDP, D-dimer, TAT III complex and PM.alpha 2 PI complex were normal levels. We concluded that the thrombocytopenia and the high titer of FDP at his first admission was a manifestation of DIC.
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PMID:[A case of Plasmodium vivax malaria with findings of DIC]. 207 64

The effectiveness of permethrin-impregnated (0.5 g/m2) bed-nets and curtains as malaria control measures was evaluated in Uriri, Kenya in 1988. One hundred five families were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 study groups (control, bed-net, or curtain). All participants were cured of parasitemia with pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine. Selective epidemiologic and entomologic parameters were measured weekly, while knowledge, attitude, and practices surveys were conducted at the beginning and end of the 15 week study. Plasmodium falciparum infections per person week at risk were significantly higher in the control group than in either the curtain group (5.42 vs. 2.35 cases/100 person weeks risk) or the bed-net group (5.42 vs. 3.77 cases/100 person weeks risk). The curtain group had fewer infections per person week at risk than the bed-net group (2.35 vs. 3.77 cases/100 person weeks risk). A difference was found in clinical malaria among the groups: 45% of persons in the bed-net and curtain groups vs. 30% of those in the control group reported no episodes of fever and chills (chi 2, P less than 0.05). Indoor resting Anopheles gambiae or An. funestus were found on 94 occasions in the control houses, but only twice in the treated houses during weekly visits to each house over the study period (chi 2 P less than 0.001). The pyrethrum knockdown method produced similar results with a total of 195, 23, and 3 An. gambiae and An. funestus collected in the control, bed-net, and curtain houses during the same period, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Permethrin-impregnated curtains and bed-nets prevent malaria in western Kenya. 220 Feb 87

415 nonimmune patients with acute signs and symptoms of falciparum malaria have been examined. The study has shown that 2/3 of patients had a moderate form of the disease, a severe form was noted only in 4.57% of patients. Classical symptoms of malaria--chill, body ache, headache--were observed only in half of the patients, 1/3 of patients had so-called masks of malaria--respiratory catarrh, pharyngitis, allergy, symptoms of enterocolitis. Early diagnosis and complex treatment with chloroquine or chloroquine combined with fansidar (1.16% of patients) promoted to a rapid improvement of the clinical symptoms and to favourable outcome. No fatal outcomes or severe complications have been observed. The mean duration of the disability period was 8.9 days. The first-degree resistance to chloroquine (clinical data) was noted in 11 patients, repeated manifestations of malaria occurred in 8.12% of patients and were more severe.
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PMID:[The clinical picture of tropical malaria in nonimmune newcomers in endemic foci in Africa]. 223 40

In a prospective, hospital-based study in North India, malaria accounted for 1.5% of paediatric outpatient attendances during 1 year. A marked increase in the prevalence of malaria was noted during the post-monsoon months. Plasmodium falciparum was the causative species in 44.4% of cases, contrary to previous reports of low prevalence of this parasite in the area. Pyrexia with or without chills or rigor, vomiting, pallor and hepatosplenomegaly were the common presenting clinical features. Splenic and hepatic enlargement were seen more frequently with P. vivax than P. falciparum infections (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01, respectively). Convulsions were present in 20% of cases.
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PMID:Clinical profile of malaria in children--a prospective study from Aligarh (N. India). 244 56

Epidemics of a malaria-like illness affected several thousand residents of the Dam Camp, a refugee camp near Hargeysa in Somalia, during 1985, 1986, and 1987. The disease was characterized by fever, chills, sweats, headache, back and joint pains for as long as 10 days in some patients. Blood smears from acutely ill patients were negative for malaria. Of 28 acute and 10 convalescent sera tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, all were negative for antibody to Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Sindbis, Chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. However, antibody reactive to dengue 2 virus was detected by the IFA test in 39% (15/38), and 11 of 29 (38%) of the same sera were antibody positive by the HI test. Also, IgG antibody reactive to dengue 2 was demonstrated in 60% (17/28) of the same sera by the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and 14% (4/28) were positive for IgM antibody. Of ten patients for which acute and convalescent sera were available, two developed four fold or greater rises in antibody titer evidencing infection. These data suggested that dengue virus may have been the cause of the epidemic among the Dam Camp refugees.
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PMID:Serological evidence of dengue fever among refugees, Hargeysa, Somalia. 260 May 91

A study was conducted at the Ndola Central Hospital, Zambia, in 1987 to determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases the risk or severity of infection with falciparum malaria in patients aged 12 years and over. The 170 patients examined all presented with symptoms suggestive of malaria, including fever, chills, rigors, headaches, joint pains, myalgia, acute diarrhea, and vomiting. 67 (39%) were diagnosed as having falciparum malaria and 28 (17%) were positive for the HIV antibody. The prevalence of malarial parasitemia in patients with HIV antibodies was lower than that in patients without such antibodies (29% versus 42%, respectively), and differences in densities of parasites also failed to provide evidence of increased susceptibility to malaria in patients infected in HIV. There were no significant differences in antibody titers to P falciparum in patients who were positive for HIV antibody and in those who were negative, whether or not they had parasitemia. The earlier finding of a significant association between malaria and HIV infection is now believed attributable to false positive results with the 1st enzyme linked immunosorbent assays and to interpretation difficulties with the Western blot test. Of interest is the fact that 20 patients in this study had symptoms suggestive of malaria, but had negative results for parasites and positive results for HIV antibody. This indicates that many patients with HIV infection may be presenting with an illness clinically similar to malaria before acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex or AIDS is recognizable.
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PMID:Relation between falciparum malaria and HIV seropositivity in Ndola, Zambia. 304 86

A clinic-based case-control study was conducted at two malaria clinics in western Thailand in order to investigate social and behavioral factors believed to be associated with malaria occurrence. The finding was that the malaria cases were predominantly male, under age 25 and single. The results showed a significant association for use of mosquito nets, conformance with DDT spraying and residing in forested areas two weeks before occurrence of illness with malaria. Analysis of symptoms revealed fever, headache and chills to be the major noticeable symptoms initiating treatment. Three basic treatment-seeking patterns were observed. The results of this study suggest that particular attention should be given to malaria health education for younger age groups and forest-related people. In addition, attention should also be given to ways of increasing awareness of symptoms, and motivation of people to use malaria clinics for malaria screening and treatment at onset of first symptoms in order to eliminate treatment-seeking at ineffective first sources. Malaria Voluntary Collaborators, Village Health Volunteers and Village Health Communicators have an important role in convincing people in malarious areas to use malaria clinics for malaria screening and treatment when the villagers develop malaria-like symptoms. This would reduce disease transmission and severity by reducing the delay for efficacious treatment and would also reduce the cost of malaria treatment.
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PMID:Health behavior, treatment-seeking patterns, and cost of treatment for patients visiting malaria clinics in western Thailand. 356 5

1046 non-hospitalized children and mothers from various regions of Liberia were studied to determine the relationships between their indigenous perceptions of malaria illness with on-going Plasmodium parasitemia and annual incidence of clinical malaria. Eleven pediatric and 14 maternal signs and symptoms of malaria were described, ranked by cultural severity, and evaluated biomedically. Between cultural perceptions of the severity of illness and biomedical evidence of the severity of disease, significant rank order correlations are observed for children (rho = 0.713, P less than 0.01) and mothers (rho = 0.875, P less than 0.001). Clinical, parasitological and cultural concordance were observed for 'anorexia', 'joint pain', 'abdominal tenderness', 'nausea', 'chills', 'severe headache', 'stomach pain', and 'dizziness'. Five other symptoms however either over or underpredicted observed levels of biomedically confirmed malaria: 'fever', 'convulsions', 'vomiting', 'body weakness' and 'psychological distress'. Biomedical studies revealed a parasite rate among children of 68.6%, a mean annual incidence of pediatric clinical malaria of 3.12; and a mean annual incidence of maternal clinical malaria of 2.42. Clinical malaria demonstrated a very early onset among newborns and a shift in acute parasitemia to a chronic status around 2.3 years of age. A significant positive linear correlation (r = 0.75, P less than 0.01) was observed between parasitological and clinical measures of malaria in children. The indigenous perspectives on malaria and the biomedically predictive powers of various biocultural symptoms are discussed and evaluated as an integrative and valuable means of assessing the impact of malaria in an endemic region.
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PMID:Malaria in Liberian children and mothers: biocultural perceptions of illness vs clinical evidence of disease. 389 49


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