Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of one hundred placentas collected consecutively in the Ubangi district, Zaire, 64 had falciparum malaria. Mothers and infants of the 64 malarious and 36 non-malarious placentas were compared. The malarious placentas had no consistent relationship to infant length or head circumference, APGAR score, birthweight, maternal anemia, splenomegaly or hydramnios. The rate of hydramnios, in fact, was higher in the mothers with non-malarious placentas. Mothers with malarious placentas were younger (means 24) than mothers with non-malarious placentas (means 29). Mothers with fewer pregnancies were more likely to have malarious placentas than older multiparous mothers. There were 7 stillbirths, 4 from mothers with malarious placentas. Infants born to mothers with malarious placentas averaged 100 g less than those from mothers with non-malarious placentas. This study shows that mothers with falciparum malaria from the Ubangi district deliver normal and apparently unaffected infants.
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PMID:Effects of placental malaria on mothers and neonates from Zaire. 351 93

Sera from tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) and non-TSS patients from the same village were examined for their ability to inhibit the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Using synchronized malaria cultures, sera from both groups inhibited parasite development only if added before merozoite reinvasion of erythrocytes had occurred. There was no significant difference in the degree or apparent mechanism of inhibition caused by TSS and non-TSS sera. These results suggest that the aberrant immune response that results in TSS may not be associated with the elaboration of unique serum factors that differentially inhibit growth of the parasite in vitro.
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PMID:In vitro growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum by sera from tropical splenomegaly syndrome patients. 352 85

Two hundred and eighty-two children, two to nine years old, were included in a prospective three-year study in four villages with holoendemic malaria. In three villages the children received monthly doses of either chloroquine, pyrimethamine or chlorproguanil respectively for two years. In the fourth, vitamin tablets were used as placebo. Presumptive treatment with chloroquine (10 mg base kg-1) was given to all children with fever of suspected malarial origin. The two-year drug distribution was satisfactorily fulfilled to 168 children. Surveys, including physical and laboratory examinations were performed every six months, four weeks after medication. A fifth village was only visited at the start of the study and after two years. The mean crude parasite rate was initially 92%. Plasmodium falciparum was the main species. Splenomegaly was recorded in all children. In the chloroquine-treated children, the parasite rates varied between 30% and 50% during the study. By the end of the second year the spleen rate was reduced from 100% to 50%. Reported episodes of fever were reduced to half and mean haematocrit levels increased by 6% in comparison with children receiving the placebo. Total IgG concentrations were reduced from 36.7 g l-1 to 25.9 g l-1, whereas no significant decrease was observed in malarial seropositivity as measured by indirect immunofluorescence. Chlorproguanil had a weaker impact on parasitaemia with parasite rates between 50% and 90%. However, the spleen rate was reduced to 67% and there was a significant reduction of reported fever episodes. Mean haematocrits increased by 4%. Total IgG decreased from 31.8 g l-1 to 23.8 g l-1. In contrast, in the pyrimethamine group, the placebo group and the untreated group from the fifth village, the malariometric indices after two years were comparable to each other and to the initial values. During the third year only presumptive chloroquine treatment was given, and by the end of the study all malariometric indices were again comparable. From clinical observations there was no apparent impairment of protective immunity to malaria from the two years of regular distribution of the drugs. We conclude that a certain degree of malaria control could be achieved in Liberian children by the administration of monthly doses of chloroquine 10 mg base kg-1. The administration of chlorproguanil (1.5 mg kg-1) represents an alternative regimen.
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PMID:Monthly antimalarial chemotherapy to children in a holoendemic area of Liberia. 353 Jan 56

Peripheral blood smears were examined for asymptomatic malaria parasitemia among 406 objectively healthy subjects in North Mara, Tanzania. A total of 33(8.1%) of subjects were found to have asymptomatic malaria parasitemia. Prevalence rates for parasitemia were highest among the youngest age groups and lowest in those 35 years of age and older. Of the 33 positive smears, 21 (63.6%) contained Plasmodium falciparum, 9(27.2%) plasmodium malariae and 3(9.2%) mixed infections of the two. General population surveys for asymptomatic malaria parasitemia in North Mara have shown much higher prevalence rates than those found in the present study. The lower prevalence rates in this study are accounted for by the fact that the population sample consisted of subjects determined to be healthy by objective criteria and lacking hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. The absence of splenomegaly and hepatomegaly in this group suggests that they represent a portion of the population who have already developed significant immunity levels to malarial infections.
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PMID:Malaria parasitemia in healthy Africans in North Mara, Tanzania. 353 7

Fifty-six adult patients diagnosed as having 'cerebral malaria' were admitted and treated over a 4 month period. The presenting symptoms were similar to those of control patients with malaria without cerebral manifestations except that vomiting and convulsions were significantly more frequent and joint pains were less frequent in the cases than in the controls. Physical examination revealed significantly more frequent occurrence of nuchal rigidity, positive Kernig's sign, confusion, muteness, pallor and jaundice in the cases than controls, while splenomegaly was significantly more common in controls than cases. Laboratory data showed that cerebral malaria cases had significantly lower haemoglobin and significantly higher reticulocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate than controls. There was no significant difference in the parasite density between the cases and controls. All patients were treated with 200 mg base of intravenous chloroquine in 250 ml of isotonic saline infused over 2 h and repeated 12 hourly till oral therapy was possible. This proved to be efficacious and the recovery rate was over 90%. Five patients died and the diagnosis was confirmed in three in whom autopsy was permitted. A simple staging system is proposed which retrospectively seems to have prognostic value. It is recommended that the validity of this system be tested prospectively.
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PMID:Adult cerebral malaria in Zambia: preliminary report of clinical findings and treatment response. 353 82

We report the first outbreak of induced malaria among heroin users in Spain, and the first one caused by Plasmodium vivax in Europe. Five drug addicts from Madrid, who had never travelled to endemic areas, were admitted to hospital with fever and splenomegaly. Four had P. vivax malaria with low parasitaemia, ranging from 1 to 3% red blood cells. The fifth case was considered a "seropositive contact" because he had fever and positive malaria indirect fluorescent antibody test but negative blood smear. The source of infection was a young drug addict, who had often travelled to Equatorial Guinea. Another heroin user with a diagnosis of malaria refused to be admitted to our hospital for further study. All had shared contaminated injection equipment. Treatment with chloroquine was effective and none had recrudescence of malaria during a mean follow-up of six months. Drug addicts with unexplained fever may have been infected by malaria transmitted by sharing injections.
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PMID:An outbreak of Plasmodium vivax malaria among heroin users in Spain. 354 57

Nine patients with acute liver failure due to Plasmodium falciparum liver injury admitted to the Rajgarhia Liver Unit of the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences during 1982-84 are presented. The liver was palpable in all the patients, and eight had splenomegaly. Investigations revealed mild to moderate abnormality in liver function tests. All were negative for the markers of acute infection due to hepatitis A and B viruses. Blood film examination showed P. falciparum alone in seven and along with P. vivax in the remaining two patients. Liver histology, which was identical in all eight patients where liver biopsy was done, showed centrizonal necrosis and hyperplastic Kupffer cells loaded with malarial pigment. All the patients recovered with specific anti-malarial and supportive treatment. Our observations suggest that malaria due to P. falciparum may present as jaundice and encephalopathy which stimulates acute hepatic failure due to fulminant hepatitis.
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PMID:Acute hepatic failure due to Plasmodium falciparum liver injury. 355 21

The Hamtai speaking Anga of the Upper Watut valley have long been considered to be unique in their response to recurrent malaria. Given sufficient exposure, the vast majority develop tropical splenomegaly syndrome concomitantly with their acquisition of effective immunity, whereas elsewhere this disease occurs sporadically. The present study indicates that the Menya of the Tauri valley, a related Angan group, respond similarly, in terms of frequency and degree of gross splenomegaly. On the other hand, the Kapau valley, the traditional homeland of the Hamtai, lying between the Watut and Tauri valleys, remains for the most part free of malaria. It is suggested that all Anga will respond to recurrent malarial infection in the same atypical manner; and that this response results from lack of appropriate genetically-determined mechanisms for mounting efficient immune responses to this infection, significant exposure to which is a relatively recent event for these people.
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PMID:Malaria and tropical splenomegaly syndrome in the Anga of Morobe Province. 386 12

The immune status of patients in Harare modifies their response to acute P.falciparum infection. Malnourished children were the group at greatest risk and fits were a feature of malaria in this age group. Fever and headache were the commonest symptoms overall, but 12,5% of patients were never pyrexial. Splenomegaly was common in young children but uncommon in adults. A leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia and normochromic normocytic anemia were common features of acute P. falciparum malaria as were hyponatremia and hypokalemia. The leukocytosis and hypokalemia are not well documented features of acute malaria and genetic differences may account for varying responses. The diagnosis was proven in only 26% of cases thought clinically to have malaria. In several cases malaria was not considered in the differential diagnosis. More than 1/2 the patients with positive blood slides received antibiotics as well as chloroquine. Bacteria were isolated from blood cultures in 8 patients. Septicemia may be an uncommonly recognized complication of acute P. falciparum malaria.
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PMID:The clinical features and laboratory findings in acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Harare, Zimbabwe. 391 Feb 59

For seven years, chlorproguanil (1.0 to 2.0 mg kg-1) was administered monthly to the children below 15 years of age in a village with holoendemic malaria. Malariometric indices were recorded every six months. Susceptibility in vivo was monitored by the clearance of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia after drug intake. Three parasite species were found initially: P. falciparum (52%), P. malariae (8%) and P. ovale (4%). The parasites found during the study were mainly P. falciparum, and parasite rates ranged from 37 to 87% at the different surveys one month after respective drug intake. A fifty-fold decrease of mean parasite density was generally observed seven days after drug intake. Splenomegaly was initially recorded in all two to nine year old children, with a mean size of 2.64 according to Hackett's index. From 18 months onwards as the mean spleen index was 1.15 in the same age group. Chlorproguanil may represent an important alternative drug to groups at risk in malaria control schemes.
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PMID:Malaria control by chlorproguanil. I. Clinical effects and susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum in vivo after seven years of monthly chlorproguanil administration to children in a Liberian village. 391 61


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