Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The frequency and description of side effects secondary to the subcutaneous application of SPf66 malaria vaccine and placebo are reported for each dose of application in the participants of the vaccine efficacy trial in Brazil. Side effects evaluated two hours after each application were detected in 8.0%, 30.2% and 8.8%, for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd dose, respectively, in the SPf66 group, and in 7.0%, 8.5% and 2.9% in the placebo group. Local reactions such as mild inflammation, nodule and pain or erythema frequently accompanied by pruritus were the most common reactions detected in both groups (3.8%, 29.1% and 8.5% in the SPf66 group and 4.0%, 7.6% and 2.5% in the placebo group). Among vaccinees, local side effects after the 2nd dose were more frequent in females. Systemic side effects were expressed mainly through general symptoms referred by the participants and were most frequent after the 1st dose in both groups (4.3% in the SPf66 group and 3.0% in the placebo group). Muscle aches and fever were referred by few participants. No severe adverse reactions were detected for either dose of application or group.
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PMID:Safety evaluation of SPf66 malaria vaccine in Brazil. 888 74

The clinical efficacy of intramuscular artemether was studied in 144 children suffering from severe non cerebral malaria. Fifty-three children with chloroquine-resistant and 27 children with sulfadoxinepyrimethamine-resistant falciparum malaria were also studied. Greater than 95% of pre-treatment parasitaemia was cleared by 24 h after commencement of treatment in all groups. The parasite and fever clearance times were 35.4 +/- 8.0 and 18.6 +/- 6.3 h respectively, in children suffering from severe non cerebral malaria 36.3 +/- 7.9 and 15.6 +/- 3.8 h, respectively, in the chloroquine-resistant and 36.8 +/- 8.8 and 16.5 +/- 4.2 h, respectively, in the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-resistant groups. The cure rate in all groups on day 14 was 100%. Side effects following treatment were minimal and comprised pain with mild tenderness at site of injection in two children and bradycardia, on the second or third day of treatment, in another two patients. No patient had pruritus. These data suggest that artemether is rapidly effective in falciparum malaria in children irrespective of previous drug treatment and especially in chloroquine- or sulphadoxinepyrimethamine-resistant infection and in this study was without deleterious side effects.
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PMID:Efficacy of artemether in severe falciparum malaria in African children. 913 65

A 28-year-old woman developed puerperal endomyometritis and tertian malaria simultaneously. She delivered her child by vacuum extraction during week 41 of pregnancy in September 1994. The peripartal period was uneventful. Nine days post partum the patient was readmitted to hospital with fever and pain in the area of the episiotomy. On day 13 post partum a hysterectomy was performed because of suspected abscess-forming endomyometritis. Two days after the hysterectomy the patient developed septic temperatures, which persisted for 10 days. Tertian malaria due to Plasmodium vivax was found to be the cause of fever. The patient had been in Indonesia without anti-malarial prophylaxis in 1991. Two years later she travelled to Ghana, having taken mefloquine as prophylaxis. Malaria was obviously caused by reactivated hypnozoites in the liver, although the patient had never had an episode of fever associated with malaria before. This case proves that tertian malaria may "recur" even without previous manifestation, years after a stay in a region endemic for malaria.
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PMID:Postpartal endomyometritis in a case of unknown tertian malaria. 918 89

A survey was conducted from October 1, 1993 to June 30, 1995 to determine the arboviral etiologies of febrile illnesses in the city of Iquitos in the Amazon River Basin of Peru. The study subjects were patients who were enrolled at medical care clinics or in their homes by Peruvian Ministry of Health (MOH) workers as part of the passive and active disease surveillance program of the MOH. The clinical criterion for enrollment was the diagnosis of a suspected viral-associated, acute, undifferentiated febrile illness of < or = 5 days duration. A total of 598 patients were enrolled in the study. Demographic information, medical history, clinical data, and blood samples were obtained from each patient. The more common clinical features were fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, retro-ocular pain, and chills. Sera were tested for virus by the newborn mouse and cell culture assays. Viral isolates were identified initially by immunofluorescence using polyclonal antibody. An ELISA using viral-specific monoclonal antibodies and nucleotide sequence analysis were used to determine the specific variety of the viruses. In addition, thin and thick blood smears were observed for malaria parasites. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus subtype I, variety ID virus was isolated from 10 cases, including three cases in October, November, and December 1993, five cases in January and February 1994, and two cases in June 1995. The ELISA for IgM and IgG antibody indicated that VEE virus was the cause of an additional four confirmed and four presumptive cases, including five from January through March 1994 and three in August 1994. Sixteen cases were positive for malaria. The 18 cases of VEE occurred among military recruits (n = 7), agriculture workers (n = 3), students (n = 3), and general laborers (n = 5). These data indicated that an enzootic strain of VEE virus was the cause of at least 3% (18 of 598) of the cases of febrile illnesses studied in the city of Iquitos in the Amazon Basin region of Peru.
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PMID:Venezuelan equine encephalitis febrile cases among humans in the Peruvian Amazon River region. 945 89

The familial pattern of recurring pain and early death seen so often among those affected by sickle cell disease has been long recognized within African cultures, though its first clear description in Western medical literature did not appear until 1910 (1). Although most common in persons of African ancestry, the mutation giving rise to the sickle gene arose independently in several locations where malaria was prevalent (2), traveled with migrating populations, and is now widely distributed among regions and ethnic groups. Recognizing the qualitative abnormality of sickle hemoglobin as a prototype, Pauling & Castle established the notion of a molecular disease (3). Ironically, while the biochemistry and molecular biology of sickle cell disease has been intensively investigated, research into patient care has been limited in scope until recently. Prospective study of large patient groups diagnosed at birth is now providing insight into the disease's natural history and facilitating investigational treatments. Newborn diagnosis, combined with study of new drugs, cytokines, surgical procedures, and a more proactive utilization of transfusion is leading to greatly improved care and survival. Life expectancy is increasing (4) but adults are experiencing more complications of chronic organ dysfunction. A few patients have been cured by stem-cell transplantation, but difficult problems will continue to limit its application.
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PMID:New considerations in the treatment of sickle cell disease. 950 75

Two phase I vaccine trials were conducted to test the immunogenicity and safety of a vaccine containing three recombinant malaria antigens from the asexual stage of Plasmodium falciparum. The three antigens are a fragment of MSP1 (190LCS.T3); MSP2 and a portion of RESA and were formulated in Montanide ISA720 adjuvant. These trials investigated the dose response of each antigen for eliciting both antibody and T-cell responses and the immunogenicity of a mixture of the antigens compared with the antigens injected separately. All three antigens elicited both antibody and T-cell responses. Strong T-cell responses were observed with 190LCS.T3 and RESA with stimulation indices exceeding 100 for peripheral blood leucocytes in some individuals. The antibody responses were generally weak. The human antibody responses observed with MSP2 in Montanide ISA720 were not significantly different from those obtained in an earlier trial which used MSP2 with alum as the adjuvant. No antigenic competition was observed: volunteers receiving a mixture of antigens had similar responses to those receiving the three antigens at separate sites. Tenderness and pain at the injection site were common over the first few days following immunization. In some volunteers, especially those receiving the highest doses tested, there was a delayed reaction at the injection site with pain and swelling occurring approximately 10 days after injection.
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PMID:Human phase I vaccine trials of 3 recombinant asexual stage malaria antigens with Montanide ISA720 adjuvant. 1046 51

Lay people in malaria-affected regions frequently have to choose from many over-the-counter malaria management drugs, requiring them to be able to identify these medications and distinguish between them. Lay people make these distinctions at two levels - age of the patient and the whether he or she has fever, pain or malaria. Sometimes decisions are based on incorrect information given by friends and relatives, causing prolonged suffering to the patient, exacerbating chloroquine resistance and leading to resistance to the sulfodoxine/pyrymethamine drugs now recommended as first-line treatment in Kenya.
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PMID:Home case management of malaria: an ethnographic study of lay people's classification of drugs in Suneka division, Kenya. 1058 67

Forty-six different species collected in the Mosetene ethnia, dwelling in the Andean Piedmont of Bolivia, were screened for antimalarial properties. Thirty-three extracts were screened for antimalarial activity in vitro on Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistant strain (Indo), and forty-seven extracts were evaluated in vivo on the rodent malaria P. vinckei petteri 279BY. Only two plants are specifically used in combination by the Mosetene against malaria attack (Hymenachne donacifolia and Tesseria integrifolia), but they did not display any activity in vivo at 1000 mg/kg. The in vivo most active extracts were Swietenia macrophylla bark, Trema micrantha bark and Triplaris americana bark, not all of them were used for antimalarial purposes by the Mosetene. The following extracts were moderately active: Jacaratia digitata inner bark and Momordica charantia aerial part (both traditionally used as febrifuge), Kalanchoe pinnate aerial part (used in inflammatory processes), Lunania parviflora twigs and leaves, Phyllanthus acuminatus (used as piscicide), Tynanthus schumannianus fruit (used against diarrhoea), Triumfetta semitrilobata (used as febrifuge, to alleviate kidney and gynecological pain) and finally Solanum mammosum fruit (used against scabies). We present here the results of this screening, emphazing on the in vivo antimalarial activity of the selected plants. The antimalarial in vivo activity of the selected species, in relation with their traditional Mosetene use is then discussed.
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PMID:The search for natural bioactive compounds through a multidisciplinary approach in Bolivia. Part II. Antimalarial activity of some plants used by Mosetene indians. 1068 70

Sickle cell disease is caused by a variant of the beta-globin gene called sickle hemoglobin (Hb S). Inherited autosomal recessively, either two copies of Hb S or one copy of Hb S plus another beta-globin variant (such as Hb C) are required for disease expression. Hb S carriers are protected from malaria infection, and this protection probably led to the high frequency of Hb S in individuals of African and Mediterranean ancestry. Despite this advantage, individuals with sickle cell disease exhibit significant morbidity and mortality. Symptoms include chronic anemia, acute chest syndrome, stroke, splenic and renal dysfunction, pain crises, and susceptibility to bacterial infections. Pediatric mortality is primarily due to bacterial infection and stroke. In adults, specific causes of mortality are more varied, but individuals with more symptomatic disease may exhibit early mortality. Disease expression is variable and is modified by several factors, the most influential being genotype. Other factors include beta-globin cluster haplotypes, alpha-globin gene number, and fetal hemoglobin expression. In recent years, newborn screening, better medical care, parent education, and penicillin prophylaxis have successfully reduced morbidity and mortality due to Hb S.
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PMID:Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) allele and sickle cell disease: a HuGE review. 1079 57

Pharmacokinetic studies have documented the efficacy of intrarectal quinine (IRQ) for treatment of childhood malaria. As a result, this technique has gradually supplanted intramuscular injection of quinine (IMQ), a common source of complications in children. To assess the safety of this technique, outcome was routinely monitored from 1987 to 1997. This report presents immediate tolerance observed in clinical studies involving 915 children as well as two surveys conducted in Niamey, Niger on 2764 children in 1995 and on 714 children in 1997. In the second study tolerance of IRQ (n = 364) and IMQ (n = 350) was compared. Long-term tolerance was evaluated for 11 years in a single location, i.e. Morondava, Madagascar. In 1995 IRQ accounted for 19.6 p. 100 of antimalarial treatments prescribed in Niamey. In 1997, IRQ accounted for 34.5 p. 100 of quinine prescriptions (excluding infusions) written in medical centers and 65.7 p. 100 in the Pediatric Department B of the hospital in Niamey. Overall tolerance was good, thus confirming previous clinical studies. No major and/or irreversible complication was observed. Early rejection (12.9 p. 100), intestinal transit problems (4.3 p. 100), and watery stools (12.9 p. 100) were the most common problems. In contrast, IMQ led to residual pain (3.1 p. 100), local inflammation (3.1 p. 100), abscess (0.6 p. 100), and lower extremity disability (0.3 p. 100). The precautions for use, e.g. proper dilution, and staff training requirements are reviewed in the discussion.
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PMID:[Tolerance of quinine administered as an intrarectal solution in children in French-speaking Africa]. 1081 54


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