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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Morbidity due to infection with Schistosoma mansoni was investigated in a recently discovered highland focus around Lake Cohoha, Burundi. The distribution of the infection was very focal and morbidity patterns in populations from an endemic area A (prevalence 38%, mean egg load of positive subjects 231 eggs per gram [epg]), a less affected area B (16%, 90 epg) and a virtually non-endemic area C (5%, 45 epg), were compared; apart from schistosomiasis, the profiles of these populations were highly similar. The overall frequencies of diarrhoea were 36%, 25%, and 19%, respectively; of abdominal pain 86%, 78%, and 83%; of fatigue 7%, 2%, and 1%; of left lobe hepatomegaly 30%, 18%, and 9%; of right lobe hepatomegaly 18%, 10%, and 5%; of splenomegaly 18%, 10%, and 7%. Organomegaly was generally mild, even in area A. Within area A, the association between the presence of infection and diarrhoea, fatigue, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly was significant, but far less impressive than the results of the community-based comparison with areas B and C. The correlation with intensity was limited to an increased prevalence of diarrhoea and fatigue in the highest egg count group, and a more gradual increase (varying with age) in hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. The data are compared to other morbidity studies in subsaharan Africa, in particular one in the nearby Rusizi Plain. The lesser impact of malaria, the higher egg loads, the recent establishment of the focus and possibly parasite strain differences may account for the more apparent and more important schistosomiasis morbidity in the Cohoha focus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in the highland focus of Lake Cohoha, Burundi. 212 66

In a prospective, hospital-based study in North India, malaria accounted for 1.5% of paediatric outpatient attendances during 1 year. A marked increase in the prevalence of malaria was noted during the post-monsoon months. Plasmodium falciparum was the causative species in 44.4% of cases, contrary to previous reports of low prevalence of this parasite in the area. Pyrexia with or without chills or rigor, vomiting, pallor and hepatosplenomegaly were the common presenting clinical features. Splenic and hepatic enlargement were seen more frequently with P. vivax than P. falciparum infections (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.01, respectively). Convulsions were present in 20% of cases.
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PMID:Clinical profile of malaria in children--a prospective study from Aligarh (N. India). 244 56

This review describes the transmission, clinical picture and immunological abnormalities of HIV infection in children in general, and the special problems of AIDS in African children. The review begins with a thorough introduction to the epidemiology of AIDS. Transmission to children generally involves vertical transmission by placental transfer or transmission of HIV via transfusion of blood and blood products, or by contaminated needles. Casual transfer is unknown, and only a few cases of transmission via breast milk are known. The clinical picture of HIV infection in infants and children differs from that in adults in 3 important aspects: earlier onset, different clinical presentation and existence of AIDS embryopathy. The average onset was 5 months of age. The most common symptoms in young children are chronic interstitial pneumonitis without demonstrable etiology, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, adenopathy, diarrhea, oral or perineal thrush, eczema and thrombocytopenia. The common opportunistic infections are pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Cryptosporidium diarrhea, pyogenic infections of the middle ear and gram-negative septicemia. Several infections seen in adult AIDS cases are rare in children: mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, toxoplasma gondii, hepatitis B, as well as Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma and cardiac abnormalities. The AIDS embryopathy or HIV dysmorphic syndrome is characterized by immunological abnormalities, growth failure, and craniofacial dysmorphism, particularly microcephaly, prominent box-like forehead, hypertelorism, flattened nasal bridge, obliquity of the eyes, blue sclerae and patulous lips. AIDS in African children is extremely difficult to diagnose because of similarities between the presenting symptoms and those commonly seen in sick children there, many of whom are also immune compromised. Where serotesting is available, the picture is complicated by cross reaction between the test agents and some factor found in sera from malaria patients. Seropositivity in some areas is high, increased by the prevalence of transfusion and injection treatments. Diagnosis is made more difficult by lack of laboratory facilities and difficulties in follow-up for pediatric patients. The CDC definitions of AIDS and ARC, and the WHO/CDC definitions of AIDS are appended.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection in childhood. 245 15

The relationships between S. haematobium, hookworm, malaria, hemoglobin level, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly before and 8 months after treatment with a single dose of metrifonate or praziquantel were studied in Kenyan primary schoolchildren in an area where anemia, S. haematobium, and hookworm are common and malaria is holoendemic. Children with light to moderate S. haematobium infection were examined (Exam 1), assigned at random to groups receiving placebo (PL, n = 104), metrifonate (MT, n = 103, dose 10 mg/kg body weight) or praziquantel (PR, n = 105, dose 40 mg/kg body weight), treated, and examined 8 months later (Exam 2). At Exam 2, 62% of the MT group still passed S. haematobium eggs vs. 13% in the PR group. Egg reduction rates were substantial in both groups, but greater in the PR group; geometric mean egg counts in both groups were very low. Prevalence and intensity in the PL group had not changed between exams. Hookworm egg counts were significantly reduced in the MT group (59% egg reduction rate); malarial infection had increased in all 3 groups, presumably due to the long rainy season between exams. Hookworm egg count was the most significant predictor of initial hemoglobin level, followed by S. haematobium egg count and presence of malarial infection. Treatment with a single dose of MT or PR can produce substantial decreases in S. haematobium infection 8 months later.
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PMID:Single dose metrifonate or praziquantel treatment in Kenyan children. I. Effects on Schistosoma haematobium, hookworm, hemoglobin levels, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly. 250 1

The tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) is characterized by massive splenomegaly with hypersplenism, moderate hepatomegaly, and lymphocytic infiltration of the hepatic sinusoids. In previous reports this syndrome has been shown to be a consequence of a disordered immunologic response of the host to malarial infection. Treatment with antimalarial drugs has resulted in a decrease in malarial antibody titers and a reduction in splenic size. We report a child who had TSS associated with cytomegalovirus infection rather than malaria. Our results suggest that TSS may be precipitated by a variety of infections producing chronic antigenic stimulation and perhaps by autoantigenic stimulation as well.
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PMID:Tropical splenomegaly syndrome associated with cytomegalovirus infection. 254 Apr 53

The morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni was assessed in Makundju (population 547; prevalence 96%, mean egg load 791 epg) and Massimelo (pop. 363; prev. 19%, mean egg load 39 epg), 2 similar villages in the forest zone of Maniema, Zaire. The prevalences of other parasites including malaria (holoendemic) were comparable. "Intermittent diarrhoea" (mostly bloody) was a complaint of 55% and 3% of the populations, respectively, "intermittent abdominal pain" of 63% and 25%, and "fatigue" of 33% and 19%. Enlargement of the left liver lobe was present in 45% and 9% of the populations, right lobe hepatomegaly in 32% and 3%, splenomegaly in 29% and 9%. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in Makundju were often very impressive, and most frequent in the 6- to 18-year-old group. Anaemia (haematocrit less than or equal to 35%) was present in 30% and 9% of males and 36% and 21% of females. Mean length and weight were lower in Makundju for boys aged 11 to 18 years. Ergometric results (Astrand cyclometer, male adults only) were comparably low in both villages (mean VO2max. 19.3 and 18.9). Analysis of the data according to egg load within the Makundju community revealed a significant relationship only in the following cases: higher frequencies of diarrhoea, abdominal pain and fatigue in those excreting more than 200 epg compared with those excreting fewer; left lobe splenomegaly gradually increased with egg load in children under 18; in people over 40 it occurred at a higher frequency in those excreting more than 2000 epg than in those excreting fewer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in Maniema (Zaire). 311 2

Thirty six patients with culture-proven enteric fever and 15 patients of fever with etiology other than enteric fever as a control group were studied, with special reference to hepatic dysfunction and its relation to clinical features of the disease. Hepatomegaly was observed in 55% of enteric fever patients, and was slightly more common than splenomegaly (50%). Its incidence in typhoid fever (67%) was three times higher than in paratyphoid fever (22%). Hepatic dysfunction occurred in 55% of cases. Jaundice was noted in only 8% of the cases, whereas hyperbilirubinemia (serum bilirubin greater than 1.8 mg %) was present in 17%. Although hepatic manifestations of enteric fever were mild, a small but important group had sufficient hepatic involvement to mimick the clinical picture seen in viral hepatitis, amebic liver disease, and malaria with jaundice. It may be considered of clinical significance, since enteric hepatitis responds very well to specific therapy.
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PMID:The spectrum of hepatic injury in enteric fever. 312 48

Avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) caused significant mortality in wild-caught Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in 1986 at the Blank Park Zoo in Des Moines, Iowa (USA). In early winter, wild birds were captured off the southern coast of Chile and flown to Detroit, Michigan for a 38 day quarantine. After quarantine, 18 birds were dispersed to Lansing, Michigan, six to a facility in Maine, and 46 to Des Moines, Iowa. Upon arrival in Des Moines, several penguins became weak and inactive, had to be force-fed, and died after 2 days. Gross lesions at postmortem included splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and pulmonary edema. Histopathological examination revealed numerous intraendothelial schizonts in spleen, lung, liver, heart and kidney. Schizonts were generally 16 to 28 micron by 11 to 16 micron and contained merozoites of two distinct sized (macromerozoites, nuclei 1.0 micron; micromerozoites, nuclei 0.5 micron). Based on the morphology of the abundant exoerythrocytic forms, a tentative diagnosis of avian malaria (Plasmodium sp.) was made. Subsequent transmission electron microscopic examination of schizonts in formalized tissue revealed merozoites with tear-shaped rhoptries. Antimalarial therapy was initiated early but deaths continued for 5 mo. Mortality, which eventually totaled 83%, occurred in three distinct waves, each separated by a hiatus of approximately 1 mo. Despite examinations of repeated blood smears, intraerythrocytic Plasmodium relictum was not detected until late in the outbreak. Diagnosis was based on morphologic characteristics including schizonts with eight to 12 merozoites/segmenter and round gametocytes that displaced and turned the infected erythrocyte nucleus. In addition to malaria, penguins showed evidence of aspergillosis, bacterial enteritis (Escherichia coli; Proteus sp.; and Edwardsiella sp.), and helminthiasis (Contracaecum sp. and Tetrabothrius sp.). Based on gross and histological lesions, disease prevalence in this group of penguins was malaria 58%, aspergillosis 61%, enteritis 60%, helminthiasis 26%. Epidemiologic investigation including group transport history, disease prevalence in co-quarantined birds not sent to Des Moines and climatological data implicated Des Moines as the likely site for initial exposure, although information is not conclusive. Stress and concurrent disease certainly contributed to the severe mortality in this group of penguins infected with P. relictum.
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PMID:Plasmodium relictum as a cause of avian malaria in wild-caught magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). 319 55

Peripheral blood smears were examined for asymptomatic malaria parasitemia among 406 objectively healthy subjects in North Mara, Tanzania. A total of 33(8.1%) of subjects were found to have asymptomatic malaria parasitemia. Prevalence rates for parasitemia were highest among the youngest age groups and lowest in those 35 years of age and older. Of the 33 positive smears, 21 (63.6%) contained Plasmodium falciparum, 9(27.2%) plasmodium malariae and 3(9.2%) mixed infections of the two. General population surveys for asymptomatic malaria parasitemia in North Mara have shown much higher prevalence rates than those found in the present study. The lower prevalence rates in this study are accounted for by the fact that the population sample consisted of subjects determined to be healthy by objective criteria and lacking hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. The absence of splenomegaly and hepatomegaly in this group suggests that they represent a portion of the population who have already developed significant immunity levels to malarial infections.
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PMID:Malaria parasitemia in healthy Africans in North Mara, Tanzania. 353 7

Eight hundred Jordanians with liver enlargement were studied: 369 (46%) were males and 431 (54%) females. Ages ranged between 13 and 85 years, with a mean of 47.4%: 766 cases demonstrated a single pathological process while 34 cases showed two or more processes. The most significant findings were: congestion secondary to cardiac failure in 323 cases (38.5%); inflammatory and parasitic processes in 192 cases (22.9%), including acute hepatitis (81 cases), hydatid cyst (63 cases), chronic hepatitis (27 cases), liver abscess (19 cases), brucellosis (one case) and malaria (one case); malignancy in 164 cases (19.6%); liver cirrhosis in 80 cases (9.5%); fatty metamorphosis in 47 cases (5.6%); metabolic and genetic disease in 11 cases (1.3%); miscellaneous conditions in nine cases (1.1%); and 15 apparently normal individuals (1.8%). Cardiac failure was the most frequent cause of hepatomegaly in this sample of Jordanians. Inflammatory processes were the second major cause, followed by malignancy and cirrhosis of the liver.
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PMID:Patterns of hepatomegaly in Jordanians: a prospective study of 800 cases. 407 96


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