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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A survey for schistosomiasis in a village in the Gezira area of the Sudan in 1973 showed that there has probably been a great increase in the incidence of S. mansoni infection in the last 25 years. Severe morbidity was uncommon in this sample but overt infection was associated with the symptoms of bloody diarrhoea, tiredness, and possibly abdominal pain, and with a reduced level of haemoglobin. Hepatosplenomegaly was common and schistosomiasis is considered to have contributed to this, although hyperendemic malaria must also have been important in its causation.
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PMID:Infection with Schistosoma mansoni in the Gezire area of the Sudan. 95 63

The therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of a high-dose (25 mg/kg) mefloquine regimen (M25) and the currently recommended regimen of 15 mg/kg (M15) were compared in 199 patients with acute falciparum malaria in an area with deteriorating multidrug resistance on the Thai-Burmese border. The clinical and parasitologic responses were significantly more rapid with M25. The incidence of treatment failures by day 7-9 was 7% for M15 and 1% for M25 (P = .03) and had increased to 40% and 9%, respectively, by day 28 (P < .0001). Overall failure rates were highest in children (P = .02). Parasite clearance times were a good predictor of the therapeutic response; all patients with parasitemia persisting > 5 days after treatment experienced subsequent recrudescence. Side effects were dose-related and included dizziness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Although vomiting < 1 h after treatment was more likely in young children, children overall tolerated mefloquine better than adults, and men better than women. The optimum treatment dose of mefloquine in this area is 25 mg/kg.
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PMID:High-dose mefloquine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. 143 Dec 57

The use of the Giemsa-stained thick blood smear for the diagnosis of malaria has not been supplanted since the discovery of the parasite by A. Laveran in 1880. Recently, a new direct diagnosis technique, the Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)* Malaria Diagnosis System, has been developed. We compared this technique with the thick blood smear diagnosis in a study of the efficacy of chloroquine therapy in Zaire. A total of 815 subjects were screened; 71 participated in the trial. They were given chloroquine at a dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight over three days and were examined for parasitemia two and seven days after treatment. Chloroquine resistance was detected in 38% of the subjects by thick blood smear and in 45% by the QBC test. Of greater interest was the time required for each diagnosis: an average of 17 min was required to examine microscopic fields with 1,000 leukocytes by thick blood smear analysis compared with less than one min by the QBC system. In addition, we did not observe diminished attention from fatigue by microscopists using the QBC system despite the large number of tests conducted. We conclude that the QBC system is an important tool for studies of drug resistance.
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PMID:Rapid in vivo detection of chloroquine resistance by the Quantitative Buffy Coat Malaria Diagnosis System. 144 41

Medical reports modelled after the US Peace Corps surveillance form provided mortality and morbidity data of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia in 1989-1990. Contingents included Australians, Canadians, Danes, Finns, Kenyans, Malays, Poles, Spaniards, and Britons. Traffic accidents, mostly those on long distance journeys caused 14 of 16 deaths. The fatality ratio was 0.21/million km driven which was considerably higher than that in Switzerland 0.02/million km driven. Even though heavy traffic was not a problem in Namibia, limited experience on unpaved roads; high speeds induced by long and tedious driving; and reduced visibility caused by climactic conditions, fatigue, and alcohol contributed to high fatality. The hospitalization rate of 5.2% (369 patients) was rather high for a young and healthy population. The leading reasons for hospitalization included fever of unknown origin, trauma, and respiratory tract infections. Swiss Medical Unit physicians transferred 25 patients to the State Hospital in Windhoek, most for orthopedic surgery. Injuries, psychiatric problems, and alcoholism resulted in repatriation for 66% of 46 repatriated patients. New consultations for treatment averaged 2.7/person and those for preventive measures averaged 0.8/person. Helicopter pilots was the largest group returning for 2nd visits (56% compared to 1% for logistics staff). The major reasons for attending outpatient clinics included immunizations (18.8%), dental problems (10.5%), and respiratory infections (10.5%). In addition to respiratory infections, other frequent communicable diseases included diarrhea or dysentery, dermatological infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and confirmed or suspected malaria. Preventive measures are needed to reduce mortality due to traffic accidents and the prevalence of psychological and dental problems.
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PMID:Epidemiological experience in the mission of the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia. 156 77

In 1971, health workers drew blood samples from 238 people living in the rural Pacific coastal village of Chile in Oaxaca State, Mexico to determine seroprevalence of antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi--the parasite responsible for Chagas' disease. Seroprevalence was 5% in 16 year old children, but increased from 41% to 62% to a peak of 78% for 16-19, 20-29, and 30-39 year olds respectively then fell to 68% for 40-49 year olds only to climb again to 75% in 50-59 year olds and fell again to 47% for =or 60 year olds. Overall seroprevalence for adults was 67%. By 1981, adult seroprevalence had fallen to 33% and childhood prevalence to 0.7%. The very low levels of T. cruzi antibodies in children corresponded with insecticide (DDT) spraying for malaria control and with the disappearance of triatomine bugs from Chile. Medical histories revealed that seropositive individuals were more likely to exhibit acute signs and symptoms of initial bite lesions (Romana's sign), furuncle like skin lesions (Chagoma), and facial or body edema (p.05). They also tended to suffer from chronic fatigue and difficult breathing while lying down (p.05). 1973 electrocardiogram (ECG) results showed that seropositive individuals were significantly more likely to have complete right bundle branch block (p.005) and premature ventricular contractions (p.05) than seronegative individuals. There were no seroconversions among 57 people examined with ECGs between 1971-1983. Even though more seropositives (21%) experienced a progression of ECG abnormalities (3% rate/year) than seronegatives (7%), the difference was not significant. Despite reductions in seroprevalence and in triatomine bug population, serologic surveillance and monitoring to detect repopulation of houses by the bugs should be maintained.
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PMID:Clinical and epidemiologic studies of Chagas' disease in rural communities of Oaxaca, Mexico, and an eight-year followup: II. Chila. 160 Apr 37

To evaluate the consequences of receiving human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive blood, 90 HIV-1-seronegative recipients of HIV-1-seropositive blood (case patients) and 90 HIV-1-seronegative recipients of HIV-1-seronegative blood, matched for age, sex, number of transfusions, diagnosis, and severity of illness (controls), were followed for 12 months after transfusion at Mama Yemo Hospital in Kinshasa, Zaire. Of case patients and controls, 72% were children transfused for anemia caused by malaria. Of the 46 case patients case patients alive 6 months after transfusion and for whom HIV-1 serologic results were obtained, 44 (96%) had seroconverted. Significantly more case patients (47%) than controls (16%) died within 1 year after transfusion (P less than .001). In the first 3 months after transfusion, fatigue, diarrhea, fever, cough, pruritus, pallor, oral candidiasis, polyadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and rhinorrhea were observed more often among seroconverters than controls (P less than .04). Six percent of case patients and no controls had developed clinical AIDS after 12 months of follow-up. These findings underscore the urgent need for appropriate HIV screening facilities in transfusion centers worldwide.
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PMID:Seroconversion rate, mortality, and clinical manifestations associated with the receipt of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected blood transfusion in Kinshasa, Zaire. 186 35

In 1983, the first African cases of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum resistant to sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, were described. Currently, this resistance is frequently found in Kenya and Tanzania. It has also been described in other African countries. A young Spanish woman contracted Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Senegal and was treated in our hospital with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Fever and symptoms disappear within two days. The thick smears taken on the eighth and thirteenth days of treatment contained an abundance of gametocytes, but neither trophozoites nor schizonts. As the risk of transmission of malaria to the rest of the community was considered practically nil, no other treatment was administered. A month late, she was admitted to the hospital due to fever, shivering, fatigue, loss of appetite and hemolytic anaemia. The thick smear test again showed trophozoites of P. Falciparum. Thus, it proved to be a delayed grade I resistance to sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, detected in far west Africa. An oral dose of mefloquine was administered as well as a red cell transfusion. Both fever and symptoms finally disappeared.
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PMID:[Plasmodium falciparum resistant to sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in Senegal]. 189 8

Morbidity due to infection with Schistosoma mansoni was investigated in a recently discovered highland focus around Lake Cohoha, Burundi. The distribution of the infection was very focal and morbidity patterns in populations from an endemic area A (prevalence 38%, mean egg load of positive subjects 231 eggs per gram [epg]), a less affected area B (16%, 90 epg) and a virtually non-endemic area C (5%, 45 epg), were compared; apart from schistosomiasis, the profiles of these populations were highly similar. The overall frequencies of diarrhoea were 36%, 25%, and 19%, respectively; of abdominal pain 86%, 78%, and 83%; of fatigue 7%, 2%, and 1%; of left lobe hepatomegaly 30%, 18%, and 9%; of right lobe hepatomegaly 18%, 10%, and 5%; of splenomegaly 18%, 10%, and 7%. Organomegaly was generally mild, even in area A. Within area A, the association between the presence of infection and diarrhoea, fatigue, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly was significant, but far less impressive than the results of the community-based comparison with areas B and C. The correlation with intensity was limited to an increased prevalence of diarrhoea and fatigue in the highest egg count group, and a more gradual increase (varying with age) in hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. The data are compared to other morbidity studies in subsaharan Africa, in particular one in the nearby Rusizi Plain. The lesser impact of malaria, the higher egg loads, the recent establishment of the focus and possibly parasite strain differences may account for the more apparent and more important schistosomiasis morbidity in the Cohoha focus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in the highland focus of Lake Cohoha, Burundi. 212 66

The morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni was assessed in Makundju (population 547; prevalence 96%, mean egg load 791 epg) and Massimelo (pop. 363; prev. 19%, mean egg load 39 epg), 2 similar villages in the forest zone of Maniema, Zaire. The prevalences of other parasites including malaria (holoendemic) were comparable. "Intermittent diarrhoea" (mostly bloody) was a complaint of 55% and 3% of the populations, respectively, "intermittent abdominal pain" of 63% and 25%, and "fatigue" of 33% and 19%. Enlargement of the left liver lobe was present in 45% and 9% of the populations, right lobe hepatomegaly in 32% and 3%, splenomegaly in 29% and 9%. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in Makundju were often very impressive, and most frequent in the 6- to 18-year-old group. Anaemia (haematocrit less than or equal to 35%) was present in 30% and 9% of males and 36% and 21% of females. Mean length and weight were lower in Makundju for boys aged 11 to 18 years. Ergometric results (Astrand cyclometer, male adults only) were comparably low in both villages (mean VO2max. 19.3 and 18.9). Analysis of the data according to egg load within the Makundju community revealed a significant relationship only in the following cases: higher frequencies of diarrhoea, abdominal pain and fatigue in those excreting more than 200 epg compared with those excreting fewer; left lobe splenomegaly gradually increased with egg load in children under 18; in people over 40 it occurred at a higher frequency in those excreting more than 2000 epg than in those excreting fewer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in Maniema (Zaire). 311 2

A community-based malaria control programme was initiated in Saradidi, Kenya. One factor determining the utilization of treatment would be the symptoms felt to be diagnostic of malaria. The 12 most common diseases and 29 most common symptoms were identified by community members. Thirty-six randomly selected women were interviewed to determine association of the common diseases and symptoms; nine women were aged 15 to 29 years, nine women were 30 to 40 years, nine were 45 to 59 years and nine were 60 years or more. Women 60 years and older recognized a higher proportion of the diseases (P less than 0.0005) when compared with the other women of other ages. More than 90% of the women associated headache, fever, vomiting, joint pain, loss of appetite, tiredness and death with malaria. Measles and influenza were distinguished from malaria by rash and mouth ulcer for measles and by 'runny nose' and 'sneezing' for influenza. Analysis by average linkage hierarchical clusters revealed that malaria, influenza and measles were distinguished readily. The results suggest that if people in Saradidi do not obtain treatment from community health workers, it is not because they do not recognize the clinical symptoms of malaria.
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PMID:Symptoms associated with common diseases in Saradidi, Kenya. 368 33


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