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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A retrospective study to investigate infant mortality was conducted in one of the poorest rural areas in Mali. The study was conducted through questionnaires, and was made among 811 women in 11 different villages. 3204 live births were recorded; 615 newborns, however, died before 1 year of life, i.e. an infant mortality rate of almost 250/1000. Main causes of mortality were obstetrical factors, tetanus, malaria, several types of pneumopathies, toxicoses, and nutrition disorders. Symptoms were the same in all villages, convulsions, cough, fever, and diarrhea. Action to improve the socioeconomic development of the area, set up a working national health structure, and a program of control of communicable diseases should be the first concern of local leaders and of national authorities.
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PMID:[An example of the application of factorial analysis of correspondences to infant mortality and its prevention in a rural area of West Africa]. 46 54

In addition to asking their patients about recent foreign travel, Canadian doctors need to be aware of what features to ask about in considering imported illnesses. Of these illnesses, malaria is one of the most common and serious. Because of its cerebral renal, pulmonary and intestinal complications, falciparum malaria must be distinguished from non-falciparum forms. Anyone with a fever who has arrived recently from an endemic area should be tested for malaria. In addition, headache, malaise, myalgias, arthralgias, low back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or cough should raise suspicion. Malaria should be remembered as a cause of coma. Persons taking any form of drug prophylaxis for malaria are not protected absolutely and those who are semi-immune can become severely ill occasionally.
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PMID:Symptoms and signs of malaria. 78 78

The WHO has developed disease-specific clinical case definitions to guide the management of children with fever and cough, the cardinal signs of malaria and pneumonia. To assess the usefulness of these case definitions and to investigate their interaction, the authors studied children with fever or cough who were brought to Lilongwe, Malawi. For all children, a thick blood smear was examined for Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Chest radiography was done only for children with parasitemia and those who satisfied the clinical case definition for pneumonia; others were assumed to have normal chest radiographs. Of 1599 enrolled children, 566 (35%) had parasitemia; 43 had both parasitemia and pneumonia. Of the 471 children who met the clinical definition for pneumonia, 449 (95%) also met the clinical definition for malaria. Among children with radiographic evidence of pneumonia, the clinical definition for malaria was not predictive of parasitemia (sensitivity 93%, specificity 5%. Whether malaria parasitemia was present or not, the pneumonia clinical definition distinguished children with and without radiographic evidence of pneumonia (sensitivity and specificity 60%). Children who satisfied the pneumonia clinical definition were more likely to have radiographic evidence of pneumonia (odds ration 10.4, 95% confidence interval 5.2-20.7), parasitemia (1.6, 1.2-2.2), or both at the same time (4.2, 2.1-8.4) than were children who did not meet the definition. Children who satisfy both clinical definitions need treatment for both disorders. Scarce diagnostic methods, especially microscopy, are necessary for more specific treatment of children with fever and cough.
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PMID:Usefulness of clinical case-definitions in guiding therapy for African children with malaria or pneumonia. 809 36

Icon 10 WP insecticide, a wettable powder formulation containing 10% lambda-cyhalothrin, was evaluated for possible adverse effects on the health of spraymen and villagers during treatment of dwellings for malaria vector control. Skin sensory effects and occasional coughing and sneezing in confined spaces were the only symptoms noted by the workers resulting from the handling and spraying of the insecticide. Absorption of lambda-cyhalothrin was estimated by determining its metabolites in urine and serum. The average amount of lambda-cyhalothrin absorbed by the workers per day (54 micrograms) represents less than 0.0001% (< 1 micrograms.kg-1.day-1) of the average daily amount of the substance handled. Only a small proportion of villagers showed detectable levels of lambda-cyhalothrin metabolites in their urine. Absorption of lambda-cyhalothrin from the formulation tested was therefore very low and, apart from the nuisance of skin sensory effects, there should be no risk to the health of workers or to the villagers whose dwellings are treated.
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PMID:Exposure and health assessment during application of lambda-cyhalothrin for malaria vector control in Pakistan. 146 47

The incidence of clinical pulmonary manifestations during clinically mild Plasmodium falciparum malaria was studied in 50 patients. In nine patients (18%), respiratory symptoms developed and consisted of cough either productive (in 5) or dry and pleuritic (in 3), wheezing and dyspnea (in 2). Physical examination of these patients disclosed minimal decrease of breath sounds with diffuse moist rales over both lung bases. Chest X-rays showed small infiltrates and increased vascular markenings in most. Peak expiratory flow rates were measured in 38 of these patients and showed a mean decrease of 16.9% which reached its nadir on the third to fourth day of disease with return to normal values within 7.7 days. In patients with pulmonary symptoms a marked decrease in PEFR was observed (28.9%) and return to normal values was also longer (9.6 days). We conclude that mild, easily detectable and asymptomatic alterations of pulmonary function are observed in most patients with P. falciparum malaria and the incidence of respiratory manifestations in the uncomplicated forms of the disease is relatively high.
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PMID:The incidence of pulmonary manifestations during Plasmodium falciparum malaria in non immune subjects. 159 11

This operational study of the performance of aid post orderlies (APOs) at Taril, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, was conducted as a follow up to prior operations research workshops and specific research which highlighted the need for adequate medical care. The assessments of the clinical performance (medical history taking, examination, diagnosis, treatment, and advice) of APOs were made by a trained Huli observer in mid-1988. 86 consultations were recorded for children brought to the aid posts for complaints of cough (40), fever (24), or diarrhea (22) and seen by 7 Tari APOs. Data were evaluated by a medical officer who used the recommended Health Department reference. Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Childhood Illnesses for APOs. Results for each illness are provided. APOs made an adequate diagnosis based on the mild and self limiting symptoms, but the medical histories and examinations were too superficial to assess the severity of the illness. Sometimes the level of treatment was inappropriate, i.e., 70% of the children received appropriate cough mixtures and antimalarials for coughs, but over 50% received inadequate doses of procaine penicillin for their age. Several children were not properly referred to the hospital for management of severe dehydration. Treatments were qualitatively correct for the diagnosis made, but inappropriate doses were often prescribed. Information was rarely given to guardians on the need for repeat medications or the signs of treatment failure. There was ample opportunity to reinforce the importance of immunization, adequate nutrition, malaria control, or personal and food hygiene but APOs did not take advantage of the situation. The results reinforce the need for on-site assessment of paramedical workers who are entrusted with frontline care of patients. It has been found that APOs are often neglected by senior staff; there are complaints from APOs that they feel unappreciated by Health Department staff and the community served. Reference is made to a study of rural health services which found that only 585 of officers in charge of health centers had made any supervisory visit in the 2 months preceding the survey. In some provinces APOs sometimes are given a 1-week inservice training period a year. Structural changes, APO selection procedures, education, inservice training, supervision, and support must be addressed in order to overcome some of the apparent weaknesses in the delivery system. The emphasis is on a problem-based approach and education and continued training.
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PMID:Management of common potentially serious paediatric illnesses by aid post orderlies at Tari, Southern Highlands Province. 175 Feb 53

The failure of up to half of all patients in developing countries to adhere to recommended drug regimens may reflect inadequate physician- provider communication rather than resistance to treatment. There is substantial evidence that patients are more likely to conform to treatment regimens when they are fully informed about their medical condition and the medication prescribed. To investigate the extent to which patients in Zimbabwe received this type of information, household heads in 910 households in the Mashonaland West Province were interviewed. The sample included equal numbers of respondents from urban, rural, and commercial farming areas. Diseases most commonly reported by rural residents and farmers were diarrhea, influenza, cough, hypertension, and malaria. Most of the illnesses were attributed to natural or supernatural causes, and 80% of respondents in these subsamples claimed to distrust their health care provider and never asked questions about medications prescribed. The rural residents perceived health care personnel as too busy to answer questions and did not believe they would understand any information offered. On the other hand, these respondents indicated they would like to have information on the cause of their illness, its duration and treatment, the best way to take prescribed drugs, actions to take when drugs produce side effects, and storage of medication. Physicians who treat semi-literate rural residents with indigenous health beliefs are urged to provide information about medication tailored to match the individual perceptions and needs of the patient. This need is less urgent in urban areas, where 60% of respondents had general knowledge about the action of various medicines and were able to obtain information from pharmacists.
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PMID:Drug information for patients in the community. 185 94

To evaluate the consequences of receiving human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive blood, 90 HIV-1-seronegative recipients of HIV-1-seropositive blood (case patients) and 90 HIV-1-seronegative recipients of HIV-1-seronegative blood, matched for age, sex, number of transfusions, diagnosis, and severity of illness (controls), were followed for 12 months after transfusion at Mama Yemo Hospital in Kinshasa, Zaire. Of case patients and controls, 72% were children transfused for anemia caused by malaria. Of the 46 case patients case patients alive 6 months after transfusion and for whom HIV-1 serologic results were obtained, 44 (96%) had seroconverted. Significantly more case patients (47%) than controls (16%) died within 1 year after transfusion (P less than .001). In the first 3 months after transfusion, fatigue, diarrhea, fever, cough, pruritus, pallor, oral candidiasis, polyadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and rhinorrhea were observed more often among seroconverters than controls (P less than .04). Six percent of case patients and no controls had developed clinical AIDS after 12 months of follow-up. These findings underscore the urgent need for appropriate HIV screening facilities in transfusion centers worldwide.
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PMID:Seroconversion rate, mortality, and clinical manifestations associated with the receipt of a human immunodeficiency virus-infected blood transfusion in Kinshasa, Zaire. 186 35

We examined the malaria situation among 489 children under 5 years of age in the rural villages of Aboh Mbaise, Nigeria, using a combination of a standard questionnaire technique and laboratory diagnosis to confirm clinical observations. The results show a high prevalence rate of 52.8% for Plasmodium falciparum in this area. The geometric mean parasite density (GMPD) was 19,361.4/mm3. The proportion of children with fever and/or parasitaemia was not related to age, although the numbers in the febrile group appeared to increase with age. Using 37.5 degrees C as the threshold for fever, 48.7% of the heavily infected group (more than 1000/mm3) were afebrile while 51.3% were febrile. High grade temperatures above 38 degrees C were associated with high parasitaemia above 10,000 parasites/mm3. Of the 911 children who died in the area within the last five years, 22.4% died of fever of unknown origin, 39.7% from malaria, 22.5% from convulsion, 10.5% from diarrhoea and 4.6% from cough. Chloroquine is the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria and there were many cases of drug abuse, and use of sub-curative doses prescribed by non-medically qualified staff.
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PMID:Malaria and its treatment in rural villages of Aboh Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria. 198 Aug

A survey of the health, social and economic problems of the village of A1 Awayda, in Gezira province, Sudan, by medical students, was conducted over 2 weeks as part of their field training research and rural development curriculum. A 40% random household survey was based on a pretested structured questionnaire. The village comprises 195 households of 1201 people, with 40% under 15. As a result of the Sennar Sugar Scheme begun in 1978, 58% of the population work in the sugar factory. Rain-fed crops have failed for the last 2 years because of drought, and subsistence acreage has contracted because of sorghum planting for sugar. Sanitation consists of latrines in 15% of houses. People are at risk of contracting schistosomiasis from crossing the irrigation canal to reach the well. The diet is based on the staple starch, dura in the form of kisra. Breast feeding is continued for 1-2 years, with 47% supplementation by bottle or kisra or rice water at an average of 7 months. The major health problems are malaria, schistosomiasis, cough and diarrhea. 54% of families were immunized. 11.5% of women used modern contraceptives. Non-users cited religion as a reason for non-use. Female circumcision is common. It was recommended that latrines be dug, and that health education, immunization, prenatal care and family planning be provided.
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PMID:Community health in a rural area of Sudan. 221 96


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