Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Free fatty acids (FFA) in blood are carried by serum albumin. A hypothesis is offered that conditions giving a high molar ratio of FFA to albumin may lead to dysfunction of the cells which are directly exposed to the high FFA/albumin ratio, i.e. the red and white blood cells, and endothelial cells. The hypothesis is supported by observations of (1) hemolytic effect of FFA, and protection by albumin in vitro, (2) inhibition of white blood cells by FFA, (3) increased FFA/albumin ratio and erythrocyte susceptibility to hemolysis in pre-eclampsia, (4) increased incidence of eclampsia in undernutrition, (5) the paradox at famine suppresses and refeeding activates malaria, and (6) an inverse relationship between serum albumin level and mortality.
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PMID:Serum fatty acid/albumin molar ratio and the risk of diseases. 747 3

1. The major serum proteins which bind halofantrine were identified by size exclusion chromatography. In addition, the binding affinity of halofantrine to human erythrocytes and serum proteins was measured by an erythrocyte partitioning technique. The influence of serum-drug binding on the distribution of halofantrine in whole blood was estimated by simulating several disease-related changes in the levels of the most important binding proteins. 2. The chromatographic resolution of serum preincubated with halofantrine allowed a quantitative analysis of binding to low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin using the erythrocyte partitioning technique. Very low density lipoproteins did not bind halofantrine to a significant extent. 3. In whole blood halofantrine is bound to serum proteins (83%) and to erythrocytes (17%). Low density lipoproteins (affinity constant nKP = 44.4 l g-1) and high density lipoproteins (nKP = 14.4 l g-1) were the most important binding proteins in serum. alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (nKP = 4.39 l g-1) and albumin (nKP = 0.27 l g-1) had relatively low binding affinities. 4. The concentration of serum proteins influences both the fraction of unbound drug and the fraction of drug associated with the erythrocytes. Changes in serum protein concentrations often encountered in malaria are likely to increase both the unbound fraction and the fraction bound to the erythrocytes.
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PMID:The antimalarial drug halofantrine is bound mainly to low and high density lipoproteins in human serum. 766 88

A novel expression system for surface display of heterologous proteins on Staphylococcus carnosus cells has been developed. Taking advantage of the promoter and secretion signals, including a propeptide region, from the lipase gene of Staphylococcus hyicus and the cell wall-spanning and membrane-binding region of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, efficient surface display of an 80-amino-acid peptide from a malaria blood stage antigen could be achieved. A serum albumin binding protein from streptococcal protein G was used both as a general reporter molecule and to increase the accessibility of the surface-displayed proteins. Immunoblotting, immunogold staining, and immunofluorescence on intact recombinant S. carnosus cells verified the presence of the propeptide, the malaria antigen, and the albumin-binding reporter protein on the bacterial surface. For the first time, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to analyze the presence of surface-displayed hybrid receptors on gram-positive bacteria.
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PMID:Cell surface display of recombinant proteins on Staphylococcus carnosus. 788 2

The pathogenesis of renal diseases associated with Plasmodium malariae infections is still not fully understood. The present work is concerned with the infection caused by P. inui in the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta as a potential model for human quartan malaria, which the monkey parasite resembles in morphology and schizogonic behavior. Various aspects of the disease were studied. Changes in the levels of serum complement components C3 and C4 indicate activation of complement through the classical pathway. A few days after infection, IgG antibody titers increased, coinciding with low levels of parasitemia, which suggests that some of these antibodies are protective. Immunofluorescence testing of kidney tissue showed a predominance of IgM antibodies over IgG, C3, C4, albumin, and fibrinogen, which was detected in a number of the infected monkeys. These findings were consistent with those seen in humans with P. malariae infection and indicate that the P. inui/rhesus monkey model is likely to be appropriate for the study of different aspects of quartan malaria.
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PMID:Immune complexes and nephropathies associated with Plasmodium inui infection in the rhesus monkey. 807 52

The relationship of serum protein polymorphisms to the presence of malaria antibodies was studied in 473 muria gond tribal subjects from Bastar district, Central India, an area endemic for both P. falciparum and P. vivax infection. A control group of 100 subjects in Delhi, which has a low prevalence of malaria, was also studied. Serum proteins (transferrin, haptoglobin and albumin) were analyzed for polymorphic variants by starch gel electrophoresis. Malarial antibodies were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while thin blood films were screened for the presence of malaria parasites. Among serum proteins transferrin CD variant showed significant correlation with malarial infection. There were no significant differences observed between Hp1 and Hp2 variants of haptoglobin in relation to presence of malarial antibodies. Statistical analysis for albumin variants was not attempted because the number of individuals showing abnormal bands was small.
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PMID:Serum protein polymorphisms and malaria in Madya Pradesh, India. 826 24

To investigate the influence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on plasma antioxidants and lipid peroxidation, plasma ascorbate, urate, total protein and albumin, ceruloplasmin and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined in two groups of 42 patients each, one with mild and the other with severe falciparum malaria, and in an equal number of age- and sex-matched control subjects. Plasma MDA was found to be significantly higher in malaria patients, and the increase was proportional to the severity of the disease. Of the antioxidants, ascorbate and albumin decreased with severity of disease while urate and ceruloplasmin increased. Only ascorbate correlated inversely with MDA both in mild (r = -0.341, P < 0.05) and severe malaria (r = 0.545, P < 0.01). While plasma albumin correlated inversely (r = -0.442, P < 0.01), urate and ceruloplasmin correlated directly (r = 0.419, P < 0.01 and r = 0.349, P < 0.05, respectively) only in patients with severe malaria. These antioxidants also correlated well with markers of disease severity, indicating the influence of disease severity in regulating their levels in plasma. The presence of significant quantities of ascorbate and albumin, along with increases in some of the other antioxidants and MDA, indicates ineffectiveness of the antioxidant defense system in controlling plasma lipid peroxide content. Increased amounts of thiobarbituric acid-reactive material could have been the result of spillover from increased tissue peroxidation or the presence of pro-oxidants in malarial plasma.
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PMID:Plasma antioxidants and lipid peroxidation products in falciparum malaria. 827 40

Cross-sectional interactions by malaria status were investigated between plasma alpha-tocopherol, retinol, and several carotenoids (lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and alpha- and beta-carotene) and indicators of disease severity (blood parasite count, hemoglobin concentration), acute-phase response (plasma albumin and ceruloplasmin concentrations), hepatic involvement (plasma alanine aminotransferase), oxidant status and antioxidant status (plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive material and ascorbate), nutritional (weight-for-age) and carrier protein [retinol binding protein (RBP)] status, and cholesterol concentration (as a proxy for lipoprotein) in 100 consecutively admitted children with malaria. There were 50 children with severe and 50 with mild malaria and 50 age- and sex-matched control subjects. alpha-Tocopherol, retinol, and all the carotenoid concentrations were lower in the patients than in the control subjects (P < 0.001). The differences were greater in severe than in mild malaria, except for lutein. In severe malaria only, both retinol and alpha-tocopherol correlated with albumin, ceruloplasmin, and RBP concentrations whereas in all three groups retinol correlated with RBP and alpha-tocopherol correlated with cholesterol (all P < 0.01)). Using multivariate analysis on data from all patients combined, cholesterol was the most significant factor explaining the variance in alpha-tocopherol (29%) whereas RBP was responsible for 95% of the variance in retinol. Plasma cholesterol and RBP values in turn (in the absence of alpha-tocopherol and retinol, respectively) were influenced primarily by acute-phase markers (mainly albumin and ceruloplasmin). Alanine aminotransferase (r = -0.17) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive material (r = -0.17) also showed a small contribution to the variance of RBP but 60-70% remained unexplained. In conclusion, low plasma lipid-soluble micronutrient concentrations in malaria are strongly influenced by the reductions in their carrier molecules, which, in turn, are low as a consequence of the acute-phase response.
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PMID:Plasma alpha-tocopherol, retinol, and carotenoids in children with falciparum malaria. 866 21

In this study, we have explored the use of the serum albumin-binding region (BB) from streptococcal protein G (SpG) as a bacterial fusion partner for production of peptide immunogens. The fusion protein BB-M3, containing BB and repeated structures from the Plasmodium falciparum malaria antigen Pf155/RESA, was efficiently purified from Escherichia coli culture supernatants by affinity chromatography using BB as an affinity tag. Rabbits immunized with BB-M3 in Freund's adjuvant produced high levels of antibodies which reacted with both M3 and BB in ELISA and stained intact Pf155/RESA in the membrane of infected erythrocytes. These antibody levels were sustained for more than 30 weeks. BB-M3 also induced antibody responses to M3, BB and intact Pf155/RESA in a number of mouse strains, including several strains which are non-responders to the malaria sequences. In the latter mice, however, BB-M3 only activated BB-specific T cells, suggesting that BB has ability to provide carrier-related T cell help for antibody production. Moreover, the minimal albumin-binding motif of SpG, containing only 46 amino acids, was immunogenic in both B10.BR, B10.D2 and C57BL/6 mice (H-2k, H-2d and H-2b, respectively). These results indicate that BB has both affinity tag and carrier-related properties and suggest that fusion proteins containing BB can be efficient tools for the generation of antibody responses to peptides which are weak immunogens.
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PMID:The serum albumin-binding region of streptococcal protein G: a bacterial fusion partner with carrier-related properties. 903 14

Blood samples were collected from 61 P. vivax infected fresh and recurrent malaria patients and liver function parameters studied. Plasma albumin, A/G ratio were found decreased significantly (p < 0.001) when compared to controls. Among the group of recurrent malaria patients with more than five attacks lowest values were found and the decrease was directly correlated with the number of attacks. The enzyme activities of plasma LDH, SGPT and thymol turbidity were found increased significantly with the increase in the number of attacks (p < 0.001). The increase was more pronounced in more than 5 attack (R3) group. The levels of total, conjugated and free bilirubin and the enzyme activities of SGOT, alkaline phosphatase were also found increased significantly in all the recurrent malarial groups, when compared to controls, without any correlation between the number of attacks. The isoenzyme pattern of plasma LDH was not altered in either fresh or recurrent malarial attack groups when compared to controls.
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PMID:Liver function tests in recurrent P. vivax malaria. 905 46

To investigate Fe nutritional indices in malaria infection in children, haematology (blood haemoglobin, plasma ferritin, transferrin, Fe, and transferrin saturation), acute phase markers (albumin and caeruloplasmin) and liver function tests were studied in fifty consecutive cases of severe and mild falciparum malaria, fifty matched controls and twenty-three cases of asymptomatic malaria. Blood haemoglobin and transferrin were lower, while ferritin and transferrin saturation were higher, in groups with symptomatic malaria in comparison with the control group. The differences were greatest with the severest form of the disease. There were no differences between any of the groups in plasma Fe. Plasma transferrin correlated directly with albumin in asymptomatic, mild and severe malaria groups (r 0.48, 0.65 and 0.83; P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 respectively), and inversely with caeruloplasmin (r -0.65, -0.34 and -0.43; P < 0.01, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). For ferritin, the correlation was inverse with albumin (r -0.65, -0.57 and -0.64; P < 0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 respectively and direct with caeruloplasmin (r 0.83, 0.21 and 0.49, P < 0.001, NS and P < 0.001 respectively). Multiple regression analysis on data from all patients combined indicated that albumin, and to a lesser extent alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) activity, explained 62 % of the variance in transferrin. Caeruloplasmin, parasite count and albumin explained 59 % of the variance in ferritin, and transferrin and unconjugated bilirubin explained 62 % of the variance in Fe values. In conclusion, these data suggest that low transferrin and high ferritin values are primarily due to the acute phase response. High transferrin saturation and lack of differences in plasma Fe between the groups are probably due to Fe released from lysed erythrocytes. Finally, in both symptomatic and asymptomatic malaria, indices of Fe status can be misleading and may be especially problematic in community studies in malaria-endemic areas where asymptomatic malaria may be common.
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PMID:Influence of malaria on markers of iron status in children: implications for interpreting iron status in malaria-endemic communities. 938 98


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