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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Local synthesis of immunoglobulin within the central nervous system has been evaluated in 37 patients with acute cerebral malaria; seven patients were also studied in the convalescent phase. There was evidence in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients that intrathecal IgG synthesis occurs in the acute phase. There were raised IgG: albumin ratios in 43% of acute patients. Oligoclonal IgG bands or cathodal IgG was seen in the CSF of 43% of patients tested by polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Only eight out of 37 acute patients (22%) had no evidence of intrathecal IgG synthesis by either method. The serial studies showed that most patients had IgG-CSF abnormalities when tested in convalescence. These studies suggest that an immune stimulus (perhaps malarial antigens or mitogens) may be present in the brain in acute cerebral malaria.
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PMID:Intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis in cerebral malaria. 330 Oct 98

Two antigens, cholera toxin (CT) and a synthetic albumin-conjugated 16-residue peptide derived from the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, were tested as immunogens in rabbits. The malaria peptide-albumin conjugate by itself was completely nonimmunogenic, and although cholera toxin was immunogenic it also expressed considerable native toxicity. After attachment of CT to liposomes containing ganglioside GM1, toxicity of CT was completely eliminated and antigenicity was enhanced. Therefore liposomes may be capable of reducing toxicity of certain potentially dangerous antigens such as toxins. After incorporation of the malaria peptide-albumin conjugate into liposomes a high titre of specific antibodies was induced against the malaria peptide but not against albumin. These antibodies also reacted with native CS protein. Three adjuvants, including lipid A and two types of lipophilic muramyl dipeptide, were compared and found to be effective in liposomes. Based on the conversion of synthetic P. falciparum CS peptide from a nonimmunogenic to an immunogenic form and on the 'toxoiding' effect of liposomes for CT, it is concluded that liposomes should be considered as being a useful carrier for antigens and adjuvants for vaccines for poorly antigenic or toxic substances.
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PMID:Effectiveness of liposomes as potential carriers of vaccines: applications to cholera toxin and human malaria sporozoite antigen. 353 3

The immune response of young Nigerian children to a full course of infant immunizations was studied in relation to their nutritional state at the time of vaccination. No significant correlations were found between anthropometric measurements made at the time of vaccination and the antibody response to triple, polio, measles, meningococcal and typhoid vaccines. Significant correlations were found between serum pre-albumin levels and the response to group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and between serum albumin levels and the response to group C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. These correlations may reflect the depressive effect of malaria both on serum albumin and pre-albumin levels and on immune responsiveness to meningococcal polysaccharides. No significant correlations were found between nutritional state at the time of BCG vaccination and the development of a positive tuberculin reaction five weeks later. We conclude that under-nutrition has little or no effect on the immune response to vaccines used in routine infant immunization programmes.
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PMID:The immune response to vaccination in undernourished and well-nourished Nigerian children. 363 2

The prevalence and pathogenesis of renal involvement was investigated in 74 patients with malarial infections. A rise in proteinuria of 150 to 5,000 mg per day was seen in 12 out of 27 patients with Plasmodium falciparum infections. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed either an increase in albumin and high molecular weight proteins alone or an increase in low and high molecular weight proteins. Serum creatinine and urea were increased in 5 patients. In P. vivax infections, 8 out of 46 patients developed a proteinuria level of up to 462 mg per day. Low and, to a lesser degree, high molecular weight proteins were increased. In one patient with quartan malaria infection, proteinuria rose as far as 432 mg per day. There was a correlation between the appearance of proteinuria and fever; however, there was no correlation between the amount of proteinuria and the height of fever. It is therefore unlikely that a rise in temperature is the only cause of proteinuria in malarial infections. The electrophoretic analyses of proteinuria indicate that in malarial infections, glomerular as well as tubular lesions may cause reversible proteinuria.
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PMID:Origin of proteinuria in human malaria. 389 Jan 20

Malaria-induced anemia exceeds that attributable to direct parasite destruction of erythrocytes. Since spleen and liver weights increase significantly, hemodilution may account for part of this excessive anemia. To determine the role of hemodilution in the etiology of anemia, vascular volumes were measured with Evans blue and isotope dilution techniques. The Evans blue dilution technique showed that blood volume increased 20%, in infected Balb/C mice. However, when blood volume was measured with Evans blue bound to protein prior to injection or with iodinated albumin and chromium-labelled red blood cells no significant change was detected. Evidently the permeability of the vasculature and/or erythrocytes of infected mice was increased so that injected Evans blue occupied a space larger than the vascular volume before becoming bound to plasma proteins. We conclude that hemodilution is not involved in the excessive anemia of Plasmodium berghei-infected Balb/C mice.
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PMID:Plasmodium berghei: the influence of blood volume changes on the malaria-induced anemia in Balb/C mice. 389 56

The nutrition of a group of Nigerian children who received weekly chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine during their first one or two years of life was compared with the nutrition of a group of children exposed frequently to malaria. Fewer episodes of severe malnutrition and fewer deaths from malnutrition occurred among protected than among control children. Protected children tended to be taller and heavier than control children and to have a larger mid-upper arm circumference. Mean serum albumin and pre-albumin levels were higher in protected than in control children. However differences between the two groups were small and only in a few instances were they statistically significant.
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PMID:Malaria chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine in young Nigerian children. III. Its effect on nutrition. 393 35

The serum proteins supposed to be indicative of the nutritional status, albumin, prealbumin and transferrin, as well as the serum proteinase inhibitors alpha 1-protease inhibitor (alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (Ach) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) were measured in 14 Thai males suffering from uncomplicated falciparum malaria on the day of admission and after treatment with mefloquin on the 2nd, 28th and 63rd day. The same serum proteins had been determined from 31 healthy Thai males. Upon admission albumin and prealbumin concentrations had been lower and Ach higher in malaria patients compared with healthy Thai males. A significantly higher alpha 1 PI value was observed on the day of admission compared with the 28th day of the malaria patients. Only on the day of admission and only for the patients was a statistically significant negative linear regression found for albumin and prealbumin with Ach and a positive correlation for prealbumin with alpha 2 M as well as for albumin and transferrin correlated with alpha 1 PI. In well-nourished malaria patients the synthesis of the "acute phase reactants", alpha 1 PI and Ach, might be enhanced and in a reverse relationship the synthesis of albumin, pre-albumin and transferrin depressed.
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PMID:Human serum proteins indicative for the nutritional status and serum proteinase inhibitors in uncomplicated falciparum malaria. 619 95

Experimental procedures are described that lead to the formation of sealed red cell ghosts capable of efficient invasion by malaria parasites. Both human and monkey cells have been studied with respect to invasion by Plasmodium falciparum and P. knowlesi respectively. Resealed ghosts containing about half the normal concentration of haemoglobin are prepared by osmotic lysis and resealing at a haematocrit of 70%. When examined in the scanning electron microscope, populations of these ghosts contain few echinocytes, but have an abundance of stomatocytic forms. When undiluted haemolysate is substituted for the aqueous saline diluent, in which the cells are suspended for lysis and resealing, discocytes result, with a morphology very similar to that of the original cells. Invasion is somewhat, but not dramatically higher for this material. An investigation of the effect of intracellular potassium concentration revealed that this had no major effect on invasion. A small increase in invasion resulted from addition of 50 or 100 mg/ml of albumin to the medium in which the cells were resealed, but intra-erythrocytic protein content per se is evidently not a major factor in determining the efficiency of invasion. Augmentation of the cytoplasmic ATP concentration during lysis and resealing increased the level of parasitaemia significantly, and the parasites in these ghosts developed normally and gave rise to viable merozoites. It was found that albumin at certain concentrations passed freely into the lysed cells and reached equilibrium with that in the external medium. By contrast, the high molecular weight solute Blue Dextran 2000 was completely excluded from the lysed cells.
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PMID:Properties of red cell ghost preparations susceptible to invasion by malaria parasites. 636 66

Bovine serum albumin and preparations of cell sap from malaria parasites and normal erythrocytes were tested for ability to protect cellular membranes against the toxicity of ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP) and a chloroquine-FP complex. Suspensions of Plasmodium berghei (approximately 7 X 10(6) parasites per ml, isolated from saponin-lysed, infected erythrocytes) were used as a test system. Toxicity was monitored by measuring changes in turbidity of these suspensions at 700 nm. Parasite cell sap (0.56 mg protein per ml) and albumin (1 mg per ml) completely prevented the toxicity of 40 micrometers FP. Erythrocyte cell sap (8.6 mg of hemoglobin per ml). Provided only partial protection from 40 micrometers FP. Neither the cell sap preparations nor albumin eliminated the toxicity of a chloroquine-FP complex formed from 20 micrometers chloroquine and 40 micrometers FP. These observations suggest that the cell sap preparations contain FP binding substances and that the mode of action of chloroquine may be to shunt FP away from a nontoxic complex with these substances and into a toxic chloroquine-FP complex.
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PMID:Ferriprotoporphyrin IX binding substances and the mode of action of chloroquine against malaria. 675 19

Serum cholinesterase activities were determined in 87 patients of both sexes with P. falciparum malaria in comparison to those of 80 blood donors. Patients with acute P. falciparum malaria had significantly lower serum cholinesterase activity than those of the control group. After treatment, their serum cholinesterase levels returned to the normal level. Serum albumin concentration also showed the same pattern and had a direct relationship to those of serum cholinesterase levels. These findings indicated that malarial parasites had some effect on the liver cells which resulted in impaired hepatic synthesis of serum cholinesterase and albumin concentrations. This result therefore add new information that there was a disturbance of enzyme cholinesterase among many liver enzymes that have been shown to be altered during an acute malarial attack.
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PMID:Serum cholinesterase activity in patients with malaria infection. 701 93


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