Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

International travels are increasingly frequent. Beside malaria prophylaxis, the general practitioner will review several vaccinations.e Tetanus and poliomyelitis vaccines should be administered once every ten years. It will often be useful to give a protection against hepatitis A, and less often, against typhoid fever. The yellow fever vaccine, which may be required or recommended to visit several African and South American countries, is injected only by officially recognised centres. For some travels, vaccination against hepatitis B, meningococcal meningitis or, rarely, against rabies may be considered. The vaccine against cholera will never be administered, due to its lack of efficacy and high frequency of side effects. Travellers diarrhoea will be discussed, and a "pocket" treatment prescribed. Finally, general information will be provided, including those on STD.
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PMID:[Vaccinations and useful advice for travelers]. 793 82

The English-speaking Caribbean is in transition toward communicable disease health patterns seen in the more developed world. Structural adjustment policies in recent years have weakened control measures, such as water supply and sanitation, as illustrated by recent outbreaks of typhoid fever in Jamaica (1990-1991), increased malaria incidence in Suriname and Guyana (with temporary importation into southern Trinidad in 1991), an upswing in tuberculosis in some countries, and the occurrence of cholera outbreaks in Belize, Suriname, and Guyana. The emergence of epidemic cholera throughout most of Latin America in 1991, and Caribbean mainland countries in 1992, aroused concern. Deteriorating socioeconomic conditions and the consequent communicable disease risk underscored the absence of communicable disease control in the Caribbean Cooperation in Health (CCH) strategy which was adopted in 1986 by the countries of the Caribbean Community. The Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) offered the following analysis: At least four out of seven CCH priorities already directly address critical aspects of communicable disease control, and therefore the question arises whether communicable disease control should be recognized as an explicit CCH priority. Beyond cholera and the diseases already represented in the CCH strategy, there are only a few other communicable diseases that warrant specific attention at this time: tuberculosis; leprosy, which CAREC member countries may want to eradicate; and leptospirosis, a zoonosis (communicable disease of animals transmissible to humans) thought to be the most frequent disease of this type in the Caribbean. These three conditions are insufficient to justify a distinct communicable disease grouping within CCH. However, if all communicable diseases of public health importance were to be grouped together (AIDS/STD, vaccine-preventable diseases, food- and waterborne diseases, vector-borne diseases), such a group would be important enough to justify a distinct priority category, with several major subcategories.
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PMID:Communicable disease control as a Caribbean public health priority. 801 35

This study evaluated the HIV prevalence and identified the risk factors for HIV infection among women attending the antenatal clinic at a public hospital in Kisumu, western Kenya. Also, the effect of placental malaria on vertical HIV transmission were determined using structured interviews and HIV-1 antibody testing and hemoglobin malaria smears were offered to the respondents. Overall, HIV seroprevalence was 26.1% (743/2844) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.5-27.7) and in bivariate evaluation was significantly associated with anemia (risk ratio [RR] 1.8), malarial parasitemia (RR 1.6), fever (RR 1.6), a history of being treated for either vaginal discharge (RR 1.5) or tuberculosis (RR 1.6), alcohol consumption (RR 1.6), being an unmarried multigravida (RR 2.2), or a history of the most recent child having died (RR 2.0). Using the Poisson regression analysis, 5 significant factors associated with HIV seropositivity were identified: anemia, malarial parasitemia, and history of being treated for vaginal discharge, fever, and reported alcohol consumption. Among the pregnant women, the researchers were unable to identify a subgroup at risk of HIV infection using nonserological information, indicating that universal access to voluntary HIV counseling and testing would be preferable to targeted screening.
Int J STD AIDS 2000 Jun
PMID:Risk factors for HIV infection among asymptomatic pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in western Kenya. 1087 13

The economic crisis in Thailand in July 1997 had major social implications for unemployment, under employment, household income contraction, changing expenditure patterns, and child abandonment. The crisis increased poverty incidence by 1 million, of whom 54% were the ultra-poor. This paper explores and explains the short-term health impact of the crisis, using existing data and some special surveys and interviews for 2 years during 1998-99. The health impacts of the crisis are mixed, some being negative and some being positive. Household health expenditure reduced by 24% in real terms; among the poorer households, institutional care was replaced by self-medication. The pre-crisis rising trend in expenditure on alcohol and tobacco consumption was reversed. Immunization spending and coverage were sustained at a very high level after the crisis, but reports of increases in diphtheria and pertussis indicate declining programme quality. An increase in malaria, despite budget increases, had many causes but was mainly due to reduced programme effectiveness. STD incidence continued the pre-crisis downward trend. Rates of HIV risky sexual behaviour were higher among conscripts than other male workers, but in both groups there was lower condom use with casual partners. HIV serosurveillance showed a continuation of the pre-crisis downward trend among commercial sex workers (CSW, both brothel and non-brothel based), pregnant women and donated blood; this trend was slightly reversed among male STD patients and more among intravenous drug users. Condom coverage among brothel based CSW continued to increase to 97.5%, despite a 72% budget cut in free condom distribution. Poverty and lack of insurance coverage are two major determinants of absence of or inadequate antenatal care, and low birthweight. The Low Income Scheme could not adequately cover the poor but the voluntary Health Card Scheme played a health safety net role for maternal and child health. Low birthweight and underweight among school children were observed during the crisis. The impact of the crisis on health was minimal in some sectors but not in the others if the pre-crisis condition is efficient and healthy and vice versa. We demonstrated some key health status parameters during the 2-year period after the 1997 crisis but do not have firm conclusions on the impact of the economic crisis on health status, as our observation is too short and there is uncertainty on how long the crisis will last.
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PMID:Health impacts of rapid economic changes in Thailand. 1097 25

Developing countries need to balance resources for treatment and prevention. In Southern Africa, only 100,000 out of 4.1 million people who need HIV/AIDS anti-retroviral therapy (ART) are able to access it. The drop in the price of ART has led to opportunities to increase the numbers receiving treatment, but problems remain. Increasing health service focus on HIV might poach staff and resource from other important programs like TB, malaria or child health. It depends on good organisation and laboratory support. It may medicalise the epidemic and distract attention from the need for education and prevention. There is now good evidence that preventive strategies, including STD treatment, improved practices of blood transfusion and needle use, use of drugs to prevent mother child transmission, voluntary counselling and testing, increased condom availability and behaviour change are very effective in reducing spread. It is obvious that both treatment and prevention strategies are necessary. International aid is still inadequate. The European Union spends 50 billion dollars on agricultural subsidies, but donates only 140 million dollars for HIV in Africa. As funding increases, it is vital that it is well used and reaches the people who need it most.
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PMID:Reframing the HIV/AIDS debate in developing countries III: an effective, equitable response. 1588 2

The objective of the pre-travel consultation is to evaluate the risks associated to travelling and to inform the traveler about their nature and severity and how to prevent them. The evaluation of the risks takes into account the visited country, the type of travel and the characteristics of the traveler. The prevention of feco-oral transmitted diseases, namely traveler's diarrhea, relies primarily on the respect of standards of food and beverage hygiene. Information should be given about other general risks (road accidents, STD's and HIV...). This consultation is the opportunity to update the routine immunizations for adults and children, and to give advice about required (yellow fever vaccine for subsaharan Africa and the amazonian region, tetravalent meningococcal vaccine for the pilgrimage el Hadj) and recommended vaccinations (hepatitis A for all travels with low sanitary conditions; according to destinations: typhoid fever, tick-borne encephalitis, japanese encephalitis, rabies...). Malaria prophylaxis includes preventive measures against mosquito-bites at night and chemoprophylaxis adapted to chloroquine resistance level in the country of destination. In any case, a patient with fever occurring within 2 months after returning from an endemic region needs to take a medical advice because of the potential risk of malaria.
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PMID:[Assessment of travel-associated risks and advice to travelers]. 1763

Adult HIV prevalence exceeds 5% among all Kenyans, and 20% among the Luo ethnic group. Recent studies have associated HIV infections in Kenya with several invasive health care and cosmetic procedures. To explore the various blood exposures that could contribute to HIV infections in Kenya, we surveyed 320 adolescents and adults aged 15-29 years from the Luo and Kisii ethnic groups. Survey participants reported a wide range of invasive procedures in health care (including circumcisions, dental care, blood tests, and 1-60 injections or infusions for specific health problems), in cosmetic services (including tattooing and piercing) and around the home (through shaving body hair, fights, sports and other activities). Luo were significantly more likely than Kisii to report some risks (e.g. tattooing by a traditional expert, piercing), but less likely to report others (e.g. blood tests for malaria, anaesthetic injections during circumcision).
Int J STD AIDS 2009 Jan
PMID:Exploratory study of blood exposures that are risks for HIV among Luo and Kisii ethnic groups in Nyanza province, Kenya. 1910 88

Despite many reports of HIV-infected African children who have HIV-uninfected mothers, little is known about the extent and modes of horizontal HIV transmission in African children. We estimated the extent of horizontal HIV transmission in Swazi children by comparing child and mother HIV statuses in the 2006-2007 Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). To identify correlates of horizontal HIV transmission, we conducted a case-control study of Kenyan children with horizontally acquired HIV infections and their uninfected siblings. Of 50 HIV-positive Swazi children in the DHS, 11 (weighted percent = 20, 95% confidence interval 11-33%) had HIV-negative mothers. These 11 children represented 0.6% of all Swazi children aged 2-12 who lived with their mothers. In the Kenyan study, children with horizontally acquired HIV infections had more kinds of blood exposures than their uninfected siblings. In particular, punctures related to health care for suspected malaria (phlebotomy, injection and infusion), injections while hospitalized and dental surgery (especially by informal providers) were more common in infected children. Horizontal HIV transmission appears to be common in some sub-Saharan African countries, and blood exposures seem to be the most likely routes of transmission. Rigorous surveillance and investigation of horizontally acquired HIV infection in children are urgently needed, along with universal public education about risks of specific blood exposures and ways to avoid them.
Int J STD AIDS 2009 Dec
PMID:Horizontally-acquired HIV infection in Kenyan and Swazi children. 2142 39