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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Africa is the continent most severely affected by malaria. It is for this reason that the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) initiative has Africa as its main focus. This article examines the efforts, strategies and achievements of RBM in malaria prevention in Africa. It is shown that under the RBM banner two countries from Africa were able to report, by the end of 1999, adequate preparedness for anticipated malaria epidemics in the second quarter of 2000. Four other countries have pushed forward accelerated malaria control activities to cope with the complex emergency situations, and at least 10 others are in the process of doing so. In the field of research, RBM has collaborated with the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) to work on a number of areas such as product research and home management of malaria. On the other hand, it is noted that the Abuja Plan of Action promotes strengthening of research in particular, development of vaccines and exploration of traditional methods for malaria.
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PMID:Roll Back Malaria: spotlight on Africa. 1229 47

Since its establishment in 1979, the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) has been one of the partner agencies working with the UN Development Program/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). KEMRI consists of a secretariat and eight separate research centers devoted to alupe leprosy and skin diseases; biomedical, clinical, virus, microbiology, and medical research; vector biology and control; and traditional medicines and drugs. KEMRI also has a model clinic, an animal house, a library, a conference area, and a computer center serving 250 technical staff and 600 administrative staff. TDR has supported about 30 trainees, and KEMRI conducts research programs on all TDR diseases except trypanosomiasis, which is the responsibility of a sister institution. KEMRI's malaria research focuses on the vector, on control through the use of bednets impregnated with insecticide, and on clinical management. KEMRI is currently researching development of hard-wearing and cheaper bednets and alternatives to chloroquine. TDR has provided funding for KEMRI studies that focus on schistosomiasis treatment, prevention, and control; the distribution and impact of filariasis as well as treatment with ivermectin and anthelminthics; and control and treatment of leishmaniasis. Research into leprosy is seeking better drugs, better diagnostic tools, and ways to increase patient treatment compliance.
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PMID:In sickness or in health: TDR's partners. 8. Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI). 1232 4

New Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) is a public/private, nonprofit initiative to develop 1 new drug against malaria every 5 years. It will operate under the umbrella of Roll Back Malaria, a new project launched by World Health Organization (WHO) Director General, Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland. The UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) helped establish the MMV through its product R&D unit, and there has been considerable industrial input. The World Bank and the Global Forum for Health Research are other international agencies involved in the initiative, while several philanthropic organizations such as the Rockefeller Foundation and the Wellcome Trust have also played major roles. MMV will create a fund and operate by financing and resourcing a limited number of projects in a manner compatible with industrial procedures. The fund is mainly supported financially by the public sector, while a funding commitment of US$15 million/year rising to US$30 million a year is being sought. Companies are providing mainly in-kind support.
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PMID:MMV: New Medicines for Malaria Venture. 1232 22

13 funding bodies collaborated in January 1997 to create the Africa-targeted Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM). African scientists have been deeply involved in the MIM from its inception in Dakar, Senegal. The immediate goal of the initiative is to facilitate collaboration between governments, control programs, scientists and supporting agencies. Both the public and private sectors are actively involved. It is possible that in the long term the MIM will function as a global forum for malaria-related discussions, creating political awareness and a political context for concerted action by parties which usually work separately. With follow-up meetings held in the Hague in July and in London in November, the MIM is moving ahead quickly with a varied and full agenda of research objectives. In the short term, improvements will be sought in the way existing tools are used, while results from studies of epidemiology, pathogenesis, the malaria genome project, and the genetic engineering of mosquitoes will be applied over the medium and long terms. The UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) will help assess the scientific needs and strengthen the research capacities of malaria endemic countries in Africa, providing approximately US$3 million annually to support 10-15 projects for periods of 1-3 years. Training will be a component of all research.
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PMID:Multilateral perspective on malaria begins to take shape. 1234 61

Mahidol University's Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand, established in 1960, is one of 14 faculties, 5 institutions, 5 centers, and 2 colleges within Mahidol University. It consists of the following departments: Helminthology, Medical Entomology, Microbiology and Immunology, Protozoology, Social and Environmental Medicine, Tropical Hygiene, Tropical Medicine, Tropical Nutrition and Food Science, Tropical Pediatrics, Tropical Pathology, and Tropical Radioisotopes. The UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) has been associated with the Faculty since 1977, collaborating mainly upon malaria research, but also in filariasis, leprosy, and schistosomiasis research. Early TDR support was directed at research training and institutional strengthening, although by the early 1980s, the Faculty played an increasingly important role in TDR's research and development program. In recent years, the Faculty has focused upon researching malaria, parasitic and bacterial diseases, nutrition and food sciences, and environmental health. The Faculty's malaria-related research is described. The Faculty also conducts research in many other areas of tropical medicine outside of those of interest to TDR.
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PMID:In sickness or in health: TDR's parners. 7. Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. 1234 65

One of the partner agencies working with the UN Development Program/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) is the French development research agency, ORSTOM. ORSTOM has been conducting research in intertropical regions for approximately 50 years with a particular focus on entomoparasitological aspects of vector-borne diseases. ORSTOM's close collaboration with TDR since the TDR Special Program was launched in 1975 has led to 1) improved knowledge about various aspects of trypanosomiasis that allowed identification of ways to control the epidemic; 2) reappraisal of the taxonomy of the parasitic protozoa responsible for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis; 3) improvements in the strategy to fight malaria; 4) assessment of the efficacy of ivermectin as a form of mass treatment for onchocerciasis; 5) improved knowledge about dracunculiasis that contributed to an eradication campaign; 6) expansion of the scope of biological control of bancroftian filariasis and other parasites; and 7) improved knowledge about ways to control two schistosome species. ORSTOM also participated in a training and structural enhancement initiative that resulted in creation of the Boake Medical and Veterinary Entomology Training Center. ORSTOM is currently undergoing a complete restructuring to respond to changes in international tropical disease research and to changing priorities that focus on vector-borne diseases, nutrition, AIDS, and health systems.
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PMID:In sickness or in health: TDR's partners. 6. The French Development Research Institute (ORSTOM). 1234 94

Malaria is one of Africa's worst public health problems, causing approximately 1 million deaths annually on the continent. Two of the largest trials of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets ever conducted took place in Kenya and Ghana. The randomized, controlled trials were initiated and sponsored by the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) to assess the impact of such nets upon reducing levels of malaria-related morbidity and mortality among children. The results of the two trials were published in the April issue of Tropical Medicine and International Health. Use of the nets in the trials protected sleeping children from being bitten by malaria-vector mosquitoes, leading to reductions in under-5 child mortality of 33% in Kenya and 17% in Ghana. In the Kenyan trial, use of the nets also led to a 40% reduction in hospital admissions for severe malaria; malaria is the most important cause of hospital attendance for children in Kenya. These study findings suggest that approximately 500,000 young African children could be saved each year from malaria if pyrethroid-impregnated bednets were widely and properly used.
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PMID:Megatrials show impregnated mosquito nets could save 500,000 African children a year -- at very low cost. 1234 36

Malaria causes considerable morbidity and mortality in Africa, killing 1.5-2.7 million people on the continent annually. A meeting on insecticide-impregnated materials was held at the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) during March 18-20, 1996, to promote the use of insecticide-impregnated materials by communities in Africa, review and discuss the results of recently conducted studies in the Africa Region on the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in malaria control, examine the best ways of implementing the wide-scale use of insecticide-impregnated materials under differing epidemiological and socioeconomic conditions, discuss major operational research priorities, and make recommendations for the promotion and wide use of insecticide-impregnated materials by malaria control programs and communities. The meeting was jointly organized by the WHO Division of Control of Tropical Diseases (CTD), the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), and AFRO, and attended by experts, malaria control program managers, private sector representatives, nongovernmental organizations, and technical and scientific institutions. Conclusions and recommendations include the need to assess whether pregnant women could benefit from the use of ITNs. Elements of the successful implementation of sustained malaria control activities involving the use of ITNs are listed. Problems encountered in the large-scale implementation of ITNs in Africa should be addressed collaboratively at the regional and global levels, and coordinated by WHO.
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PMID:Meeting on insecticide-impregnated materials. 1234 38

We studied prospectively 801 Thai patients admitted to the Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases with acute, symptomatic Plasmodium vivax malaria to determine the optimum duration of treatment with oral artesunate and the safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of a high dose of primaquine in prevention of relapse. Patients were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: 1) a five-day course of artesunate (Group A5); 2) a seven-day course of artesunate (Group A7); 3) a five-day course of artesunate plus a 14-day course of high-dose primaquine (0.6 mg/kg, maximum dose = 30 mg) (Group A5 + P); and 4) a seven-day course of artesunate plus a 14-day course of high-dose primaquine (Group A7 + P). During 28 days of observation, P. vivax reappeared in the blood of 50% of those who received artesunate alone (Groups A5 and A7), compared with none of those who received primaquine (Groups A5 + P and A7 + P; P < 0.0001). Adverse effects were confined to the 13 patients with a deficiency for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; high-dose primaquine (0.6 mg/kg of base a day) had to be stopped in four (31%) patients because of a significant decrease in the hematocrit. The combination of five days of artesunate and 14 days of primaquine is a highly effective and generally well-tolerated treatment regimen for vivax malaria in Thailand.
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PMID:Clinical trial of oral artesunate with or without high-dose primaquine for the treatment of vivax malaria in Thailand. 1293 90

We prospectively studied 803 Thai patients admitted to the Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases to assess the safety, tolerability and effectiveness of treatments for strictly defined P. falciparum malaria. Patients were assigned to one of five treatment groups: (i) a 5-day course of intravenous artesunate in a total dose of 600 mg, Group Aiv; (ii) intravenous artesunate as in Group Aiv followed by mefloquine, 25 mg/kg, Group Aiv+M; (iii) a 3-day course of intramuscular artemether in a total dose of 480 mg, Group Aim; (iv) intramuscular artemether as in Group Aim followed by mefloquine, 25 mg/kg, Group Aim+M, and (v) intravenous quinine, 200 mg/kg given in divided doses over seven days followed by oral tetracylcine, 10 mg/kg, for 7 days. When patients could take oral medications, the parenteral antimalarials were administered as oral agents. There were no major adverse effects observed with any of the five treatment regimens. With all regimens, 95 to 100% of the patients survived. Mean parasite clearance times were more rapid with the artemisinin regimens (53 to 62 hours) than with quinine (92 hours). The mean fever clearance times with intravenous artesunate (80 to 82 hours) were about a day shorter than those with intramuscular artemether (108 hours) or intravenous quinine (107 hours). Mefloquine reduced the recrudescence rate from 24 to 5% with intravenous artesunate but from 45 to 20% with intramuscular artemether; recrudescence was 4% with quinine and tetracycline. A dose and duration of therapy greater than those in this study are needed for optimal therapy with intramuscular artemether. Effective therapy for severe falciparum malaria can be provided by either intravenous artesunate followed by mefloquine or by intravenous quinine followed by tetracycline.
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PMID:Clinical experience with intravenous quinine, intramuscular artemether and intravenous artesunate for the treatment of severe malaria in Thailand. 1297 15


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