Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In May 1988, tropical disease researchers interviewed 1940 Tambo and Lambya men and women living in 2 chiefs' areas (Katyetye and Mweniwisi) of the Luangwa Valley of Isoka District in the Northern Province of Zambia to determine their knowledge of trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and tsetse flies. 98.4% of the respondents who had lived in the area for at least one month knew that tsetse fly bites transmitted trypanosomiasis. 94.2% of those who lived in the area for 1 month also knew this. Only people who lived in the area for 1 month believed that witchcraft and bad water transmitted sleeping sickness (0.9% and 0.1% respectively). Approximately 73% reported tsetse flies to be uncommon in their villages. Just 2% believed trypanosomiasis to be a leading disease because its treatment often requires a long hospitalization. Most people (74%) thought malaria to be the most serious disease, because it occurs frequently and kills many people. Tsetse flies become ubiquitous during the rainy season. Further the Tropical Disease Research Centre in Ndola, Zambia has found extremely high tsetse densities along access roads and paths connecting villages. The researchers planned to use these results in developing a parasite control project in the area. Community health workers trained under the Primary Health Care project could conduct health education sessions about sleeping sickness in the area to increase awareness of the seriousness of the disease.
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PMID:Sleeping sickness and tsetse awareness: a sociological study among the Tambo and Lambya of the northern Luangwa Valley, Zambia. 180 10

Thirty-nine falciparum malaria autopsy cases from the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand were divided into two groups that had had either cerebral malaria (CM) or non-cerebral malaria (NCM). We then studied significant pathological differences between these groups in order to investigate the correlation between parasitized erythrocyte (PRBC) sequestration in small blood vessels in the brain, heart, lungs and small intestines. We found that the percentage of PRBC sequestration in the organs which we studied was higher in the CM patients than in the NCM patients. The difference of PRBC sequestration among the organs of two groups was significant (P less than 0.05). In the CM group, the average percentage of PRBC sequestration in the brain was significantly higher than in the heart, lungs and small intestines (P less than 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between PRBC sequestration in the brains, hearts, lungs and small intestines in the NCM group (P greater than 0.05). Our study indicates that severity of malaria in the CM patients depends on PRBC sequestration, especially in the brain. A combination of functional disturbances of the other organs, in addition to the cerebral pathology, may augment the severity of the disease.
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PMID:Microvascular sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in human falciparum malaria: a pathological study. 201 60

Twelve patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria were admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases for 42 days. The patients were treated with halofantrine 500 mg 6 hourly for three doses and halofantrine and its desbutyl metabolite were analysed in plasma by h.p.l.c. Cmax values of halofantrine and desbutylhalofantrine (n = 12) were 1192 +/- 410 (mean +/- s.d.) and 397 +/- 160 ng ml-1 with tmax values of 16 +/- 2 and 55 +/- 26 h, respectively. AUC was 60.6 +/- 23.9 and 48.5 +/- 22.2 mg l-1 h, respectively, for halofantrine and its metabolite. Halofantrine cured 83% of the patients but in two patients a reduction only in asexual parasitaemia was seen and no overall parasite clearance occurred. One of these, however had relatively low plasma concentrations of both halofantrine and its desbutyl metabolite and it appeared to be a case of inadequate treatment rather than true resistance. We suggest that the large intersubject variability in plasma drug concentrations may relate in part to its poor and inconsistent bioavailability and this rather than true resistance might be responsible for some of the treatment failures.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of halofantrine in Thai patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. 204 60

The certification of achieved malaria eradication from Taiwan in 1965, and the maintenance of malaria-free status of the country for 25 years, do prove the soundness of the malaria eradication adopted in 1955 by the World Health Assembly, but only when this policy is well understood and well implemented. Certain unique features of Taiwan eradication programme that ultimately lead to its success are cited. The worsening of the malaria situation in the world, and the dismantling of the vertical malaria structures in many countries were highlighted in an article entitled "Malaria Programme from Euphoria to Anarchy" in the WHO forum of 1980. Since then another decade of indifference to the rising tide of malaria, brought about an alarming situation that elicited the 1989 World Health Assembly's resolution on Malaria Control. The underlying causes of this indifference by governments and international bodies concerned with health and socioeconomic development are presented to apprise governments of malarious countries of certain imperative facts that have to be accepted when seriously considering malaria control schemes in their health plans. The need for training future generations of seasoned malariologists is stressed, as well as the need to develop new curricula comprising the experience gained in this field since the dawn of this century. A stress is made on the importance of promoting research, not only on technical problems but also on the social behaviour of rural communities in relation to the acceptance and participation in malaria control programmes. The role of Tropical Diseases Institutes and Research Centres in promoting basic and practical research in the field of malaria is underlined.
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PMID:Views and reflections on anti-malaria programmes in the world. 205 58

At the Department of Communicable and Tropical Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark, mefloquine has been used since 1982 for the treatment of patients with suspected or verified chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistant P. falciparum malaria. Eighty-one patients treated with mefloquine are reviewed. Forty patients had complicated malaria; 18 were initially treated with IV quinine. Mefloquine dose for adults was 1,500 mg in one dose or divided in two with six hourly intervals. Mild gastrointestinal side effects were common; in 10 patients, the medication had to be repeated because of vomiting. No neurological or neuropsychiatric side effects were recorded in relation to treatment or during the follow up period (30 days). Temperature subsided with a mean of 2.7 days after initiation of treatment and trophozoites cleared with a mean of 3.6 days. One patient had recrudescence. Mefloquine is found safe and effective for the treatment of P. falciparum malaria and is recommended for treatment of worldwide acquired P. falciparum malaria, although patients should be monitored closely to disclose resistance.
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PMID:Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with mefloquine alone or in combination with i.v. quinine at the Department of Communicable and Tropical Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 1982-1988. 207 60

Twenty eight adult male patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria which showed RI or RII responses to quinine sulfate at the dosage of 600 mg 8 hourly for 7, 10 or 14 days were treated with a single dose of mefloquine (Lariam); 25 patients received 1000 mg, 2 received 750 mg and 1 received 500 mg. The initial response was good; there was no RII or RIII response. Three patients were lost to followup. Of 25 patients who stayed in the Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases where there was no malaria transmission for 28-65 days, only one patient in the 1000 mg group had recrudescence on day 21. The cure rate was 96%. Our prospective study suggests that mefloquine was effective in the treatment of quinine resistant falciparum malaria and the risk of cross-resistance between quinine and mefloquine in P. falciparum in vivo is very low.
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PMID:Quinine resistant falciparum malaria treated with mefloquine. 209 15

Thirty serum samples collected from adult patients attending the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, with P. falciparum malaria, were studied. Sera were screened by indirect immunofluorescence for anti-gametocyte antibodies. Twelve of the serum samples taken from 14 patients with primary infections were found to have both IgM and IgG antibodies to gametocyte antigens and total Ig titres comparable with those of patients who had had previous malaria attacks. Sera of individuals from hyperendemic areas have been found to immunoprecipitate the 230 and 48/45 kD gametocyte surface antigens which are known targets of transmission blocking antibodies. To investigate the epitope specificity of the serum samples from our adult patients, competitive ELISAs with 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that block transmission and recognize different epitopes on the 48/45 Kd antigen, were carried out. Specific antibodies for these epitopes were found in 60% of the sera while nearly a third were able to inhibit the binding of at least two MAbs.
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PMID:The primary antibody response of malaria patients to Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens which are potential transmission blocking vaccine candidates. 225 58

Based on the cerebral malaria coma scale, 39 falciparum malaria autopsy cases from the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand were divided into two groups of patients that had either cerebral malaria or non-cerebral malaria. We then studied significant pathological differences, such as parasitized erythrocyte (PRBC) sequestration, ring hemorrhages and cerebral edema, between these two groups in order to investigate the correlation between the clinical coma scale and pathological findings. Patients with a coma grade of 2 and higher were designated as having cerebral malaria, and had erythrocyte PRBC sequestration in cerebral microvessels. Ninety four percent (94%) of cerebral microvessels showed PRBC sequestration when quantitatively analyzed. On the other hand, only 13% of cerebral microvessels showed sequestration in non-cerebral malaria patients with a coma grade of 1 and lower, although some degree of PRBC sequestration was found in 50% of these patients. Our study, therefore, clearly demonstrated that the degree of the PRBC sequestration in cerebral microvessels appeared to correlate closely with the clinical coma scale.
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PMID:Human cerebral malaria in Thailand: a clinico-pathological correlation. 228 50

Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 10 persons living in a malaria endemic area and 18 patients recovered from falciparum malaria were studied, nine of whom were admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases and the remaining nine patients were from Trad District Hospital. PBL were divided into two portions, one of which was transformed directly by EBV in the presence of cyclosporin A to eliminate T cell suppression and the other was pre-incubated before transformation with the extract of ultrasonically disrupted, schizont-enriched P. falciparum parasites from in vitro culture. The products of transformed cells were tested for antibodies against blood stages and sporozoites and cells from positive wells were cloned and propagated. With antigen pre-stimulation, cells from 212 of 317 wells (64.5%) were transformed, and this level of transformation was not significantly different from that in the absence of antigen stimulation in which 193 of 311 wells (62.5%) showed transformation (p greater than 0.05). In contrast, 85 of 212 (40.2%) clones from antigen prestimulated wells secreted antibodies whereas 18 of 193 (9.3%) wells without prior antigen stimulation did (p less than 0.0001). Only 44 of 103 antibody-positive clones were subjected to further analysis, of which 42 had activities against blood stages and two against sporozoites. Based on indirect immunofluorescent reactivities, our anti-blood stage monoclonal antibodies (MABs) were conformed to group I (21 clones), III (11 clones) and V (5 clones) and group VI (5 clones).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Human monoclonal anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibodies produced by stable EBV-transformed lymphocytes from patients with falciparum malaria. 282 29

Around the turn of the century there were about 250 million cases of malaria each year and 2.5 million deaths. The introduction of DDT-type insecticides with residual effect around 1940 led to much more effective prevention than previously. WHO has been assisting Member States with malaria control ever since its foundation in 1948. In about 1950 it was proved that spraying DDT inside houses could interrupt transmission and lead to eradication within three years by exhausting the reservoir. Around the same time the discovery of the first cases of anopheline resistance to DDT introduced an element of urgency. The principle of eradication was adopted for the Americas by the Pan American Sanitary Conference in 1954, and for the world as a whole by the World Health Assembly in 1955, though it was acknowledged that the application of the principle to tropical Africa would be premature. With the aid of WHO, and under the leadership of its Expert Committee on Malaria, most control programmes outside tropical Africa were converted into eradication programmes. The results of the first 10 years of the global eradication programme (1957-1966) were spectacular but uneven; there were reverses due to financial, administrative or operational problems, or to the resistance or behaviour of the vectors, or to the inadequate development of basic health services. In Africa, the pilot projects generally failed to interrupt transmission. A new and more flexible strategy was adopted in 1969, whereby countries were invited to revise their programmes to take local circumstances into account. These revisions showed that in many countries eradication was not possible in the short term, but in the majority of cases they did not manage to put forward any genuine alternative strategy. Resources became increasingly difficult to obtain, whereas the cost of insecticides and transport went up with the price of oil. Research, which had been neglected for some time, once again became the order of the day and great importance was attached to malaria when the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) was set up by WHO, UNDP and the World Bank. Since 1978 the emphasis has been on integrating malaria control with the primary health care system and on integrating health with development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Antimalarial activities: the last 40 years. Antimalarial action program]. 305 98


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