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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Malaria is largely preventable, so travelers should be taught general protective measures and given appropriate chemoprophylaxis before they leave on their trip. Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen) is still the drug of choice in locations where malaria remains chloroquine-sensitive. However, chloroquine-resistant areas infested with Plasmodium falciparum are becoming more numerous. In such areas, mefloquine hydrochloride (Lariam), doxycycline, or proguanil (Paludrine) (obtainable outside the United States) may be used. A single dose of pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar) may be used to treat presumptive malarial infection if medical care is not immediately available. For prevention of relapse of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infection, primaquine phosphate is recommended for the final 2 weeks of chemoprophylaxis on return from a malarious area.
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PMID:Prophylaxis for malaria. Helping world travelers come home healthy. 151 52

The number of malaria sporozoites in the salivary glands was determined microscopically for 1137 wild, naturally infected Anopheles from western Kenya. Infective Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu lato (n = 874) contained a geometric mean (GM) of 962 sporozoites and An.funestus Giles (n = 263) contained 812. No significant differences were detected in geometric mean numbers of sporozoites between species, collection techniques or sites. Of the infective An.gambiae, 1.7% (15/874) contained more than 41,830 sporozoites, the maximum observed for An.funestus. Microscopic techniques were found to be more sensitive than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detecting low-grade sporozoite infections in salivary glands. Salivary gland sporozoites from 83.6% of the 1137 gland infections were identified by ELISA as either Plasmodium falciparum Welch (n = 910), P.ovale Stephens (n = 7), P.malariae Grassi & Feletti (n = 3) or mixed (n = 30). The 187 gland infections which could not be identified by ELISA contained significantly fewer sporozoites (GM = 242) than those which could be identified (GM = 1200).
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PMID:Quantitation of malaria sporozoites in the salivary glands of wild Afrotropical Anopheles. 176 2

There is no indigenous mosquito-borne transmission of malaria in Kuwait. However, in a five year period at a district general hospital, the number of laboratory-diagnosed cases of malaria increased annually from 25 to 84, a rise of 336%. Except for two induced infections, all were imported, mainly from the Indian subcontinent. Plasmodium vivax was responsible for 87.29% of the cases; P.falciparum (12.05%), a mixed infection of P.vivax and P.falciparum (0.33%) and a case of P.ovale (0.33%) were also identified. Rapid preparation of acetone-fixed, Giemsa-stained thick blood films, a heightened awareness of the infection, examination of multiple samples of blood from patients and the general resurgence of malaria in endemic areas were some of the factors responsible for the high number of cases diagnosed. Most patients were young males and presented with clinical malaria due to P.vivax between May and October each year, an apparent seasonal peak. However, many were already resident in the country for a variable period. Patients with P.falciparum though, presented clinically within two weeks of arrival in the country. Parasite densities were calculated to monitor the progress of treatment and identify quickly any possible chloroquine-resistant P.falciparum strains. A policy of active prophylaxis is suggested to stem the tide of imported malaria.
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PMID:Aspects of imported malaria at a district general hospital in non-endemic Kuwait, Arabian Gulf. 304 48

An American physician-traveler to East Africa presented with manifestations of cerebral malaria and was treated with intravenous quinidine for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. He later relapsed with Plasmodium ovale infection, despite previous primaquine therapy. Treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria is discussed. The difficulty in diagnosing P. ovale infections and the predominance of this malaria species over P. vivax in East Africa are reviewed.
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PMID:Relapsing malaria infection acquired in Kenya. 330 55

Field surveys of malaria were performed in southern Vietnam by using an acridine orange staining method for rapid diagnosis and a PCR-based, microtiter plate hybridization method for accurate diagnosis. A total of three patients of Plasmodium ovale infection were detected, but PCR-amplified DNA of the P. ovale isolates from two of the patients did not hybridize with the P. ovale-specific probe. Analysis of the target sequence in the 18S rRNA gene indicated that in the DNA of isolates from both patients three nucleotides in the probe region from the typical P. ovale sequence were different, with deletions of two nucleotides and the substitution of one nucleotide. These results may suggest that in addition to molecular biological methods, careful microscopic examination of stained thin blood films is still required in studies of the prevalence of different malaria species.
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PMID:Sequence variation in the 18S rRNA gene, a target for PCR-based malaria diagnosis, in Plasmodium ovale from southern Vietnam. 886

In order to determine the prevalence of malaria and its epidemiological characteristics, a survey was carried out in 11 villages situated in all the Basin of River Senegal (B.R.S.). 3306 (0-14 years) children are examined. The results show that malaria is hypo-endemic in the B.R.S. with a plasmodic index of 8.6% and a splenic index of 9.9%. But these malariametric indexes change according to the areas visited. Thus, malaria prevails at a hypo-endemic level in Dagana and Podor districts while at a medium if not hyperendemic level in Matam and Bakel districts. The plasmodial index also change according to age reaching a maximum within children from 10 to 14 years. As for the spleen index, it is low among children from 10-14 years. As for the spleen index, it is low among children from 0 to 4 years old, then increases among those aging from 5 to 9 years, before decreasing within children ranging from 10 to 14 years. P.falciparum is the most prevalent species, representing 96% of the cases; it is followed by P.malarioe (3%) and P.ovale (1%). If our results are compared with those obtained before by other authors, we can conclude that the recent hydro-agricultural plannings carried out in the area, have not yet provoked an increase of the cases of malaria. But, in order to avoid this risk, it is necessary to take from now some preventive measures.
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PMID:[Prevalence of malaria in the Senegal river basin in 1991]. 982 25

Isolated cases of malaria are increasing in frequency in nonendemic countries. Blood film examination remains a mainstay of diagnosis of these sporadic cases because immunologic and molecular methods are unavailable, expensive, and problematic. Two tertian malarial species, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, may appear to be similar morphologically. Plasmodium ovale infection is infrequent, and misdiagnosis of this species is common. Plasmodium vivax infection can be ruled out, however, if a patient's erythrocytes phenotype as Fy(a-b-), because these cells completely resist entry by the latter species.
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PMID:Erythrocyte Fy antigen phenotyping helps differentiate so-called benign tertian malarias. 1065 44

In a general practice in Amsterdam Southeast in 1998 a delayed first attack of Plasmodium ovale infection was diagnosed in a 13-year-old girl from Ghana, malaria tropica with a low parasitaemia index in a 43-year-old Ghanaian man and a 8-year-old Ghanaian girl, and Plasmodium vivax infection in a 44-year-old Surinam woman. The Ghanaian patients had visited their native country, the Surinam woman had contracted the infection during a visit to India. All patients responded well to antimalaria medication. These patients were among a total of 6 patients of non-Dutch origin diagnosed with malaria in 1998 in this general practice. Four patients had not taken any prophylactic drug and two had not used the drugs properly. A relative increase of malaria in immigrants has been seen in the Netherlands and elsewhere in Europe in recent years. Underestimation of the risks and lack of knowledge of malaria and of the changing epidemiology make people of ethnic minorities travel without taking appropriate precautions. New, creative ways of communication and information will have to be explored to reach these migrant communities.
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PMID:[Increase of malaria among migrants in Amsterdam-Zuidoost]. 1067 8

The number of people from Klaipeda and surroundings who before 1990 were employed in the shipping and fishing industry was about 10,000. At that time, from 3,000 to 5,000 seafarers and fishermen travelled each year to malaria endemic countries of Africa, Asia and South America. Until 1973, malaria infections among seafarers in Lithuania occurred only sporadically, because ships based in Klaipeda very seldom sailed to ports in Africa. In the years 1973 - 1998, there were 113 cases of malaria registered in Klaipeda (P. falciparum 86, P. malarie 6, P.ovale 8, P. vivax 13). The diagnosis of 79 infections was confirmed by laboratory examinations in Klaipeda, and the remaining cases were confirmed by laboratory examination conducted in other places. Out of this number, there were 99 infections of seafarers and fishermen, and 14 infections were recorded in soldiers returning from Afghanistan. In 1979 - 1987, there were 4 fatal cases of malaria reported: 3 seafarers died in Cameroon, Angola and Byelarussia, and one died in Klaipeda. At present, each year only about 500 seafarers travel to malarious areas in the tropics. There is no local transmission of malaria in Lithuania.
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PMID:Malaria among seamen in Klaipeda during 1973-1998. 1097 Feb 66

A retrospective analysis was made of clinical and parasitologic parameters in patients with induced Plasmodium ovale infection to document the initial clinical and parasitologic response and their subsequent development of clinical and parasitologic immunity, and to determine the effect of previous homologous and heterologous malaria on subsequent infection with this parasite. The prepatent periods were relatively uniform. Eight patients injected with sporozoites that had been stored frozen had a median prepatent period of 14 days (range = 14-20 days). Thirty-five patients infected via the bites of infected mosquitoes had a median prepatent period of 15 days (range = 12-18 days). In eight patients previously infected with P. vivax, the median prepatent period was 16 days. High-intensity fever (> or = 104 degrees F) was frequently seen, with instances of fever > or = 106 degrees F recorded on many occasions. Fever > 101 degrees F and > 104 degrees F occurred for much shorter periods of time than had been observed in patients infected with P. falciparum. Parasite counts > 10,000/microL were infrequent; in most patients, such parasite counts rarely lasted more than two or three days. Gametocytemia was generally of low density and lasted only a few days. The overall length of the clinical and parasitologic period was much shorter compared with that seen in patients infected with P. falciparum. Previous infection with P. ovale did not prevent reinfection, but resulted in reduced levels of parasitemia and fever. Previous infection with heterologous species of Plasmodium did not prevent infection; some reduction in the frequency and intensity of fever and parasite counts was evident. Previous infection with homologous or heterologous parasites failed to eliminate the production of infective gametocytes. A total of 462 lots of mosquitoes were fed on 67 patients with no previous history of infection. Of these feedings, 168 (36.4%) resulted in infection as determined by the presence of oocysts on the midguts of dissected mosquitoes. As shown, the infection rate increased with the density of gametocytes even though 48 (23.4%) of 205 lots of mosquitoes fed when no gametocytes were detected were infected.
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PMID:A retrospective examination of sporozoite-induced and trophozoite-induced infections with Plasmodium ovale: development of parasitologic and clinical immunity during primary infection. 1220 82


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