Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subjects with sickle cell disease were identified in (i) a whole population sample (2742) Garki District, Kano State, Nigeria, and in (ii) the 534 infants born into the population during five years. Eleven (2.1%) newborn had Hb.SS, as was expected from gene frequency (0.146). Prevalence was maintained in the first year of life, but fell to 0.4% at one to four years and to 0.05% (one person) over the age of nine years. Antimalarial intervention for two transmission seasons was followed by an apparent but not significant decrease in Hb.SS mortality. There was one male aged about 40 years who had Hb.SC (the expected number was three). Hb.SS children were compared to normal subjects at the same age, the same village and the same survey; they had significantly less than the expected Plasmodium malariae infection (P less than 0.01) and lower than median P. falciparum densities while below five years (P less than 0.05). Over one year of age, they tended to have below average indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) (P less than 0.01), indirect haemagglutinating antibody (IHA) (P less than 0.01) titres and number of precipitin rings (not significant) against P. falciparum antigen, and IFA against P malariae (P less than 0.01). They had above average IgM (P less than 0.05), but their IgG concentrations did not differ from normal. We conclude that (i) sickling is sufficient to protect against P. malariae in Hb.SS but not Hb.AS; (ii) sickling prevents intense P. falciparum infection in Hb.SS, as in Hb.AS; (iii) in Hb.SS, there is less antigenic stimulus and hence less antibody against P. falciparum (like Hb.AS) and P. malariae (unlike Hb.AS); (iv) although less intense, malaria is frequently fatal in Hb.SS, especially in age-group one to four years (unlike Hb.AS); (v) IgM levels are high in Hb.SS in response to frequent infections other than malaria (unlike Hb.AS).
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PMID:Abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. III. Malaria, immunoglobulins and antimalarial antibodies in sickle cell disease. 31 13

A 55 year old Liberian male was splenectomized after an abdominal trauma. A few days after splenectomy he experienced a pure Plasmodium malariae infection with high fever. He was later followed for 12 months with monthly blood films and temperature measurements, and did never show any signs of clinical malaria. The parasite densities observed during the longitudinal follow after splenectomy did not differ from parasite densities in villagers with intact spleens.
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PMID:The effect of splenectomy on immunity to Plasmodium malariae and P. falciparum in a malaria immune donor. 159 14

The number of malaria sporozoites in the salivary glands was determined microscopically for 1137 wild, naturally infected Anopheles from western Kenya. Infective Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu lato (n = 874) contained a geometric mean (GM) of 962 sporozoites and An.funestus Giles (n = 263) contained 812. No significant differences were detected in geometric mean numbers of sporozoites between species, collection techniques or sites. Of the infective An.gambiae, 1.7% (15/874) contained more than 41,830 sporozoites, the maximum observed for An.funestus. Microscopic techniques were found to be more sensitive than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for detecting low-grade sporozoite infections in salivary glands. Salivary gland sporozoites from 83.6% of the 1137 gland infections were identified by ELISA as either Plasmodium falciparum Welch (n = 910), P.ovale Stephens (n = 7), P.malariae Grassi & Feletti (n = 3) or mixed (n = 30). The 187 gland infections which could not be identified by ELISA contained significantly fewer sporozoites (GM = 242) than those which could be identified (GM = 1200).
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PMID:Quantitation of malaria sporozoites in the salivary glands of wild Afrotropical Anopheles. 176 2

Plasmodium malariae infection was detected in Bastar district (M.P.) during malaria survey in 1981-83. The data collected during the survey was compared with the earlier records of P. malariae infection in the area. From the data it can be seen that the infection in this area has declined due to the ecological/developmental activities undertaken by Government. All the cases were found to be indigenous and approximately 62 per cent infection was found in age group of 10-14 years irrespective of sex. More than 60 per cent of P. malariae infections were positive for gametocytes. Three day regimen of 4-aminoquilines for the treatment was found quite effective.
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PMID:Present status of Plasmodium malariae infection in Bastar District (M.P.). 209 23

A focus of Plasmodium malariae infection has recently occurred on the island of Trinidad, some 30 years after a successful eradication programme. Examination of bloodsmears revealed 22 cases of P. malariae in the Nariva-Mayaro area of Trinidad between August 1994 and September 1995. Most (77%) of the cases were male and, as seven were aged < 25 years of age, it appeared that transmission had been renewed, probably by the vector Anopheles bellator. However, none of the 3000 mosquitoes tested by ELISA for the circumsporozoite protein of P. malariae proved positive. Use of IFAT to check blood samples for P. malariae appeared more sensitive than direct examination of bloodsmears, indicating that 42 (13%) of the 325 samples tested were seropositive (at titres of 1:256 or greater). The levels of transmission of the parasite may therefore be even higher than indicated by examination of bloodsmears. The surveillance measures adopted to understand the epidemiology of this outbreak of P. malariae in Trinidad are described. The need to maintain malaria surveillance in all the countries where P. malariae parasites once existed (prior to eradication) is emphasised.
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PMID:Re-emergence of Plasmodium malariae in Trinidad, West Indies. 1069 Feb 42

Terminological confusion has been aggravated by efforts to develop a standardized nomenclature for parasitic diseases (SNOPAD) arising from the proposal by Kassai et al., 1988) for a standardized nomenclature of animal diseases (SNOAPAD). To restabilize international nomenclature of parasitic diseases it is recommended that, whenever appropriate, names should follow the 'International Nomenclature of Diseases' (IND) compiled by the Council for International Organizations for Medical Sciences (CIOMS/WHO, 1987). For diseases not included in IND, familiarity should guide the choice of name: traditional English language names of diseases should be preferred, e.g. 'malaria', 'scabies' or, for parasitic diseases having no traditional name, the taxonomic name of the causative organism should be applied, e.g. 'Brugia timori microfilaraemia'; 'Plasmodium malariae infection'; 'Simulium allergy'--instead of the generic derivatives proposed by SNOPAD, i.e. brugiosis, plasmodiosis and simuliidosis, respectively. For names of new diseases or those rarely mentioned, the suffix -osis would normally take precedence. Generally, the name of choice for any disease in any language should be the vernacular term, with commonest English usage preferred for international communication, and publications should include synonyms in the list of keywords.
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PMID:Current usage of nomenclature for parasitic diseases, with special reference to those involving arthropods. 1143 44

In an area of Papua New Guinea with high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum (39.6%), Plasmodium vivax (18.3%), and Plasmodium malariae (13.8%), cross-sectional analysis found P. falciparum infection to be independent of the other species despite heterogeneities in transmission. Plasmodium vivax and P. malariae infections were negatively correlated. Plasmodium malariae infection was positively associated with homologous infection four months previously and with prior P. falciparum, but not P. vivax infection. There were no other indications that any Plasmodium species protected against heterologous infection. Prospective analysis of health-center morbidity supported the idea that P. malariae infection protects against disease, but indicated greater protection against non-malaria than P. falciparum-associated fevers. Plasmodium vivax appeared to protect against P. falciparum disease but not against other forms of morbidity. Covariate adjustment had considerable effects on estimated relationships between species, and confounding variables may account for many differences among reports of inter-species interactions in human malaria.
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PMID:Prospective risk of morbidity in relation to malaria infection in an area of high endemicity of multiple species of Plasmodium. 1146 13

There is a significant increase in cases of malaria in Italy. The incidence among Italian citizens has remained quite stable since 1990, while the number of cases among foreigners residing in Italy has continued to increase. The clinical manifestations of plasmodium infection can be less evident in these people: they often have only mild complaints for weeks or months. The case of a Senegalese woman with Plasmodium malariae infection is presented. She had been in Italy for 13 months and was 4-month pregnant. Her only symptoms were asthenia and microcytic anemia; she was afebrile. Her anemia was initially believed to be due to iron deficiency: she was treated with iron and folic acid. The anemia worsened, and resolved only after antimalarial therapy with chloroquine.
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PMID:[Unusual case of malaria in Italy]. 1179 27

The species-specific nested PCR previously described by Snounou and others, for detecting the four species of human malaria parasites, is evaluated in the current study testing 40 blood samples from malaria patients admitted during July-September, 2003, at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand. Parasite DNA of each blood sample was extracted and purified by QIAamp. DNA mini kit. Nested PCR was performed using genus-specific primers for the first PCR cycle and species-specific primer for the second cycle. Thin and thick smears were also made, stained with Giemsa, and examined by expert microscopists. Only one of 40 samples (2.5%) was identified as Plasmodium malariae infection by both microscopy and nested PCR. Twenty blood samples (50%) were identified as Plasmodium falciparum infections by both methods. However, 19 blood samples (47.5%) were reported as Plasmodium vivax infections by microscopic methods, whereas nested PCR could detect a mixed infection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in one sample taken from a young girl with 8 ameboid trophozoites of P. vivax per 200 white blood cells. These results demonstrated that the nested PCR assay surpasses microscopy and also offers a clear advantage in the detection of mixed infections, which is important not only for successful medical treatment, but also for the study of malaria epidemiology.
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PMID:Identification of human malaria parasites and detection of mixed infection in Thai patients by nested PCR. 1590 26

In today's society, immigration and travel has resulted in large-scale population movements. This poses an additional challenge to the clinician when he or she takes the patient's history. The differential diagnosis of any presentation would need to include any diseases endemic to the area where the patient had been in. Ghana is considered a holoendemic high-risk area for the transmission of malaria. Moreover, compound heterozygous inheritance of hemoglobin (Hb) S and HbC often occurs in this area. We present a case of mixed Plasmodium falciparum-Plasmodium malariae infection complicating HbSC disease in a 34-year-old Ghanaian immigrant. We postulate that the malaria infection has transformed the patient's silent combined hemoglobinopathies (HbS/HbC) into a syndrome resembling a sickle cell crisis.
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PMID:Mixed Plasmodium falciparum-Plasmodium malariae infection and hemoglobin SC disease: a case report. 1655 99


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