Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Researchers analyzed data on 2627 Australian tourists returning from Kenya, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and the Maldives (November 1988-March 1989 and October 1989-January 1990) to examine tourist behavior regarding prophylaxis measures. 94.1% sought health information. 1st time tourists were more likely to get this information than those who had already made at least 1 visit (98.1% vs. 92%; p.05). Many tourists relied on travel agencies (37.5%) and friends (20.2%) for this information. Experienced tourists were not as likely to depend on travel agencies and friends as were 1st time tourists (p.05), however. 92% of those who sought information took at least 1 precautionary measure. 96.3% of tourists to Kenya carried out a prophylactic measure compared with 79.6% of those to the Maldives (p.05). Tourists tended to obtain immunoglobulin prophylaxis against hepatitis A (75.1-84.8%), yet not obtain vaccinations for typhoid fever (55.7-68.1%), tetanus (43.3-56.7%), and polio (25.9-38.7%). They appeared to be aware of dietary risks (86.1%), but not about sexually transmitted disease risk such as AIDS (41.7%) or taking a medical travel kit (50.5%). After a mass media campaign, these figures increased to 93.1% (not significant), 64.7% (p.01), and 68.2% (p.05). The Maldives was free of malaria, but 31.9% still took malaria prophylaxis. Most travelers to Thailand (88.35) also took malaria prophylaxis, yet 81.8% of them went to malaria-free areas. Tourists to Kenya had better compliance than those to Sri Lanka (94.2% vs. 82.7%, p.05). Moreover only 74.7% of travelers to Kenya took mefloquine, the recommended choice for short-term travelers. Compliance was greater among those who took mefloquine than it was for those taking chloroquine (74.1% vs. 90.3%, p .01). The most important finding was the considerable misinformation about and noncompliance with malaria prophylaxis. For example, the more complex the intake instructions the more likely noncompliance occurs.
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PMID:Compliance of Austrian tourists with prophylactic measures. 164 43

In this study, we used Digoxigenin, (Dig)-11-dUTP, in the Genius kit purchased from Boehringer Mannheim to label the Plasmodium falciparum (P.f.) DNA fragment by random primed labelling method. The P. falciparum DNA fragment was isolated from the recombinant clone pPF14 by enzyme digestion and agarose electrophoresis. This probe is designated pPF14-F-Dig. Purified P.f. DNA and blood samples from malaria patients in Hainan Province of China were detected by the probe in dot-blot hybridization. Thirty-eight patients with falciparum malaria, three with falciparum malaria and vivax malaria and four with vivax malaria were detected with the pPF14-F-Dig probe. The results showed that the pPF14-F-Dig probe could detect at least 40 pg of P.f. DNA and a parasitemia of 0.005 percent. Out of 38 detected P.f. patients' blood samples, 33 hybridized positively with this probe. The positivity rate was 86.8%. Twenty-one normal blood samples all showed negative. In addition, 2 of 3 samples with P.f. and P.v. were positive. Three of 4 samples with P.v. were negative and one was doubtful. The preliminary result of this study indicates that the pPF14-F-Dig probe could detect the patients of falciparum malaria with good sensitivity and specificity, and that this probe can be used to detect the patients with P. falciparum in Hainan Province.
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PMID:[Detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans by (Dig)-DNA probe]. 180 56

Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites represent a serological transmission indicator, which can be applied in epidemiological studies to estimate the intensity of malaria transmission. An ELISA method has been developed as an industrial kit to detect these antibodies, using a chemically synthesized (NANP)40 peptide as antigen. The results obtained with this kit are compared in the present paper with those obtained by an ELISA test already applied in epidemiological studies. In testing sera from individuals living in endemic areas, a high diagnostic concordance (92.1%) was obtained between the two assays. The absorbances of these sera correlated well, as shown by a correlation coefficient r = 0.877. Sera from individuals never exposed to malaria gave very low absorbances with the kit. This minimum non-specific binding increases the probability of comparable results in different studies. When the two ELISAs were evaluated for analytical sensitivity and precision, similar satisfactory results were achieved. The test can be performed not only with sera but also with eluates from filterpaper bloodspots. Modifications of the kit to reduce its cost and suggestions regarding distribution and funding are also proposed.
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PMID:Evaluation of an ELISA kit for epidemiological detection of antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in human sera and bloodspot eluates. 196 4

New emerging atypical forms of malaria, characterized by weak parasitemia, among peoples without premunition, back from Plasmodium falciparum resistant areas, make it necessary to use rapid, sensitive, reliable methods of parasitologic diagnosis. This work concerned two different populations: 394 expatriates back from a 4 months stage in endemic areas. 12 patients admitted for suspected of proved malaria. Authors have studied, by double blind method, versus thin film, two fluorescent techniques: a direct immunofluorescence, the Monofluo kit Falciparum of Diagnostic Pasteur. A nucleic acid fluorescence, on blood samples centrifuged in capillary tubes, the Q.B.C. test of Becton-Dickinson. Both methods seem of great interest for epidemiological surveys. The Q.B.C. test has showed more sensitivity than the thin film: it's rapidity of realisation indicates it for urgent diagnosis.
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PMID:[The Quantitative Buffy Coat test (Q.B.C. test). Monofluo Kit Falciparum. Comparative value in the rapid diagnosis of malaria]. 219 88

Health advice for international travelers should be individualized, taking into account the itinerary, the lifestyle of the traveler, the duration of travel, the patient's medical history, and other modifying factors. Although patients often seek advice because of immunization requirements, the pretravel visit should consider additional indicated immunizations; health maintenance advice regarding food, drink, and activities; malaria prevention when indicated; and diarrhea management. The traveler should be advised about a basic medical kit and receive information as to where to seek medical advice should serious illness develop while travelling.
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PMID:Immunizations, medications, and common sense for the international traveler. 234 87

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the sensitive determination of chloroquine in body fluids. THe method has been applied to quality-control assay of World Health Organization (WHO) In-Vitro, Macro-Test Kits for the assessment of susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine. Experiments utilizing [14C] chloroquine demonstrated that water was not capable of efficiently desorbing chloroquine from the inside surfaces of kit vials. The addition of blood to the vials effectively desorbs chloroquine. Subsequent addition of the blood to aqueous base followed by hexane extraction permits quantitation by reversed-phase, ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing ultraviolet detection at 344 nm. The method is capable of determining as little as 20 ng of chloroquine per vial. This method, utilizing the methyl ether of 9-anthra cenemethanol as internal standard, can quantify chloroquine in 1 ml of blood or urine with a minimum detection limit of 20 ppb (ng/ml). Measurement of blood levels of chloroquine in persons contracting falciparum malaria while following a prophylactic regimen complements in-vitro drug susceptibility measurements in characterizing resistant strains of the parasite.
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PMID:Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for chloroquine in body fluids. Application to studies of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. 702 68

The use of stand-by treatment for malaria by travellers depends on their knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. We examined the behavioural aspects of a cohort of travellers from Switzerland to low-risk malarial areas who, on recruitment, were provided with a kit containing medication for stand-by treatment, guidelines on the diagnosis of malaria, and materials for collection of blood samples for later confirmation of malaria. All subjects were urged to seek medical advice at the first signs of possible malarial symptoms. Illness (fever as the main indicator) was reported by 123 of the 1187 participants, often accompanied by shivering/chills (36.6%), headache (35.0%), gastrointestinal symptoms (69.9%), and myalgia and/or arthralgia (41.5%). Two-thirds of those ill failed to seek medical attention despite their symptoms and pretravel advice. Only 9 (7.3%) were actually beyond the reach of medical attention. The stand-by treatment was self-administered by 6 travellers, only one of whom had confirmed malaria. Two non-serious adverse events were reported. All users consulted a physician after administering the presumptive treatment. This stand-by approach is limited by inappropriate behaviour and poor malaria awareness among travellers. These negative factors can be mitigated by development of an improved kit containing a simple test for self-diagnosis.
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PMID:Behavioural aspects of travellers in their use of malaria presumptive treatment. 774 93

By ensuring that the issues raised in this article are appropriately discussed with each traveller at the pre-travel consultation, the chance of staying healthy while travelling is considerably enhanced. If all else fails, the traveller should be well equipped with a first aid medical kit (Table 2) and instructions on how and when to take medications. They should know how to treat travellers diarrhoea, recognise signs and symptoms of malaria and the difference between a bacterial infection and viral infection. Bon voyage!
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PMID:Staying healthy while travelling. 786 79

Blood samples from cows and pigs were tested for possible cross-reactivity with a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit designed for detection of human malaria sporozoites in mosquitoes. The results revealed that 4 of 16 cows (25%) reacted positively with both Plasmodium falciparum (2A10) and P. vivax (NSV3) monoclonal antibodies and 8 (50%) were positive with NSV3 only. One of 12 pigs (8.33%) was positive with both antibodies, and 2 (16.6%) were positive with NSV3 only. The positivity was associated with plasma, but not with the blood cell fraction. Antigenic extracts of Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma evansi gave negative ELISA results, suggesting that these were not the factors in animal blood which gave positive results. Laboratory Anopheles dirus A fed on blood of a positive cow by membrane feeding also gave a positive ELISA result. Furthermore, some blood-fed culicine mosquitoes collected directly from a positive cow were ELISA-positive. The cross-reactive factor(s) in plasma has (have) not yet been identified. These false positive ELISA results could complicate the assessment of sporozoite rate in mosquito populations if the study were carried out by ELISA only, especially in areas where cattle and swine are present.
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PMID:Detection of sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in mosquitoes by ELISA: false positivity associated with bovine and swine blood. 823 8

Anopheles koliensis, an important malaria vector in the interior region of Irian Jaya, Indonesia, was evaluated for susceptibility to three different insecticide compounds using the standard World Health Organization diagnostic test kit and pretreated impregnated papers. A series of tests were conducted in Arso PIR I, a transmigrant settlement 60 km south of Jayapura, from January 1988 to May 1989. All compounds were tested at the recommended diagnostic dosage and exposure time. An. koliensis were susceptible to 1.0% fenitrothion at two hour exposure (N = 358) and 5.0% malathion at one hour exposure (N = 371) after the 24-hour holding period. Significant resistance to DDT was observed in both the An. koliensis and Culex quinquefasciatus populations. Approximately 30% of the An. koliensis population (N = 468) was resistant to 4% DDT at both one and two hour exposures. These findings indicate that routine use of DDT in Arso PIR I for indoor residual house spraying may be of limited effectiveness, in part, because of physiological resistance. However, use of an alternative insecticide will be more expensive and might prove equally ineffective because of the exophilic behavior of the species. This is the first confirmed report from repeated observations of DDT resistance in An. koliensis from Indonesia.
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PMID:Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles koliensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Irian Jaya, Indonesia. 826 43


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