Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors describe the results of an entomological study run in December 1994 in the little town of Bezaha (South-Western Madagascar). The observed entomological indexes are those of an intensive malaria transmission area. The authors suggest to organize a longitudinal entomological survey along with a clinical and parasitological study. They also point out the fact that they found two microfilariae Wuchereria bancrofti in an Anopheles funestus female.
 ...
PMID:[Study of malaria vectors in the south-west of Madagascar]. 757 37

The Phase 1 semiannual single-dose 6 mg/kg diethylcarbamazine (DEC) treatment program demonstrated a significant reduction for Wuchereria bancrofti in the Ok Tedi area of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. The rate of detectable microfilaraemia was effectively reduced from 39% to 11% and mean microfilarial (mf) densities from 79mf/20 microliters to 19mf/20 microliters. The Phase 2 annual single-dose treatment of 6mg/kg DEC not only maintained the gains made during Phase 1 but reduced the microfilaraemia rate to less than 5% by 1990, with mf densities remaining stable at less than 20mf/20 microliters, amongst all participating villagers screened within the 5 original villages. The annual treatment program was expanded into 7 remote villages not subject to any form of active vector control. The microfilaraemia rate in these villages declined from 41% before treatment to 17% after only two annual administrations of 6mg/kg DEC, and mf blood densities were reduced from 71mf/20 microliters to 20mf/20 microliters. As was observed in the 5 original villages participating in the program, a significant reduction in splenomegaly associated with the DEC treatment was reported for the 7 villages in the expanded program during Phase 2; enlarged spleen rates were reduced from 50% (1986) to 32% (1990) and from 76% (1988) to 48% (1990), respectively. Malaria rates on the other hand increased slightly or remained stable. Malaria infections associated with W. bancrofti (mixed parasite infections) stimulated a greater splenic response than either parasite detected on its own.
 ...
PMID:Diethylcarbamazine in the control of bancroftian filariasis in the Ok Tedi area of Papua New Guinea: phase 2--annual single-dose treatment. 777 Nov 17

Bancroftian filariasis arose in the South-West Indian Ocean Islands with human settlements. During the XIXe century, most of the islands were infected but the prevalence and clinical features of the disease were different from an Island to an other. The vectors are Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. gambiae, An. arabiensis, An. funestus. Even if Culex are proven vectors most of the transmission is due to anophelines. The introduction of the parasite was followed by an explosion of the diseases with dramatic clinical features. But since the beginning of the century the disease retreats. Whatever this is due to malaria vector control and specifies chemoprophylaxis or is linked to the rise of life standard is still a subject of debate.
 ...
PMID:[Historical epidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in southwest islands of the Indian Ocean]. 782 25

Mosquito-borne diseases are a major health problem in Sri Lanka. Human biting mosquitoes were collected during the night (18.00-06.00 hours) at Nikawehera village, in the malaria endemic intermediate rainfall zone of the country. Collections were made at monthly intervals in the period October 1991 to April 1992, which included the main rainy season due to the northeast monsoon (October-January). Thirteen Anopheles, eleven Culex, three Aedes, three Mansonia and one Armigeres species were identified, including known vectors of malaria, Bancroftian filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever. Mosquito human-biting rates were highest in December. The main malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies showed peak biting between 18.00 and 23.00 hours whereas the predominant culicines Culex fuscocephala and Cx quinquefasciatus preferred to bite after midnight. In 1991-92 the prevalence of some species of anophelines at Nikawehera differed markedly from that observed in 1990-91 and the possible reasons are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Population dynamics of anthropophilic mosquitoes during the northeast monsoon season in the malaria epidemic zone of Sri Lanka. 794 18

The Filariasis Control Program was established more than 30 years ago in the country and the disease is still a public health problem in some states. Since 1983, a total of 17 filariasis control teams were formed throughout the country to carry out filariasis control work. The teams conduct house and population censuses, nocturnal mass blood surveys and treatment of microscopically confirmed cases. Individual case follow-up is being carried out after 3-5 months while the locality is resurveyed after about 2-3 years. During the years 1988 to 1990, there appeared to be a decreasing trend in the number of filariasis cases detected countrywide. In 1991, brugian filariasis accounted for 92% of the cases detected. The microfilaria rate (MFR) also showed a decreasing trend countrywide for the years 1988 (0.57%) to 1990 (0.35%) but there was an increase in 1991 although it remained well below the 5% MFR targeted in the program objective, In 1991, the filariasis control teams and the district multi-purpose teams collected a total of 167, 151 blood slides out of which 871 were found to be positive for microfilaria. To determine the true endemicity of filariasis in the country, the malaria district multi-purpose teams are also utilized to assist in probe surveys in new areas of the district. Two species of filarial worms, namely Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti, and the mosquito vectors belonging to the Anopheles and Mansonia genera are involved in the transmission of filariasis in Malaysia. Monkeys and domestic cats are the reservoir hosts for the subperiodic strain of B. malayi.
 ...
PMID:Current status of filariasis in Malaysia. 797 37

This paper reviews the evidence of a link between flood control and vector-borne disease in Bengal/Bangladesh. Malaria is historically associated with reduced flooding and embankment construction in the flood plains of Bengal. The land west and south of the Jamuna river was highly malarious in 1916 but is not so today. The lands east of the Jamuna now have a higher, though still small, risk. The reduction in health risk can be attributed to the intensification of land use and human population density. Although there are many mosquito species, the abundance of the former malaria vector appears to have declined as environmental change removed its breeding sites. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is a serious disease which is fatal if left untreated. It occurs in irregular, periodic epidemics and is currently increasing in Bangladesh. In the past, malaria and kala-azar were confused and the prevalence of both may have been increased by embankment programmes. Both diseases are unstable and there is insufficient historical information to predict, with certainty, the consequences of environmental change. Reduced flooding accompanied by increased pollution will probably control the malaria vector. More information is needed about the response of the kala-azar vector to flooding. Bancroftian filariasis is non-fatal but causes chronic morbidity. It has had a widespread but usually low prevalence in Bangladesh, with both rural and urban foci. There are few recent data. Increasing organic pollution and drainage obstruction are expected to favour the vector and increase transmission.
 ...
PMID:An historical review of malaria, kala-azar and filariasis in Bangladesh in relation to the Flood Action Plan. 825 Jun 23

Australian research workers have made important contributions to tropical medicine and tropical public health. Recognised high points of international significance (for example, Joseph Bancroft and filariasis, 1876; Thomas Bancroft and dengue fever, 1906; Burnet and Australian X disease, 1934; Derrick and Q fever, 1937; and Fairley and malaria, 1947) must be seen in the context of much detailed work of national relevance by institutions and individuals. The directions of Australian research can be related to several major themes: the large extent of Australia that is tropical or subtropical; interactions with neighbouring countries, especially Papua New Guinea; and concern for the health of Australian Aborigines.
 ...
PMID:Australia's contribution to tropical health: past and present. 848 21

This review addresses changes in the ecology of vectors and epidemiology of vector-borne diseases which result from deforestation. Selected examples are considered from viral and parasitic infections (arboviruses, malaria, the leishmaniases, filariases, Chagas Disease and schistosomiasis) where disease patterns have been directly or indirectly influenced by loss of natural tropical forests. A wide range of activities have resulted in deforestation. These include colonisation and settlement, transmigrant programmes, logging, agricultural activities to provide for cash crops, mining, hydropower development and fuelwood collection. Each activity influences the prevalence, incidence and distribution of vector-borne disease. Three main regions are considered--South America, West & Central Africa and South-East Asia. In each, documented changes in vector ecology and behaviour and disease pattern have occurred. Such changes result from human activity at the forest interface and within the forest. They include both deforestation and reafforestation programmes. Deforestation, or activities associated with it, have produced new habitats for Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes and have caused malaria epidemics in South America. The different species complexes in South-East Asia (A. dirus, A. minimus, A. balabacensis) have been affected in different ways by forest clearance with different impacts on malaria incidence. The ability of zoophilic vectors to adapt to human blood as an alternative source of food and to become associated with human dwellings (peridomestic behaviour) have influenced the distribution of the leishmaniases in South America. Certain species of sandflies (Lutzomyia intermedia, Lu. longipalpis, Lu. whitmani), which were originally zoophilic and sylvatic, have adapted to feeding on humans in peridomestic and even periurban situations. The changes in behaviour of reservoir hosts and the ability of pathogens to adapt to new reservoir hosts in the newly-created habitats also influence the patterns of disease. In anthroponotic infections, such as Plasmodium, Onchocerca and Wuchereria, changes in disease patterns and vector ecology may be more difficult to detect. Detailed knowledge of vector species and species complexes is needed in relation to changing climate associated with deforestation. The distributions of the Anopheles gambiae and Simulium damnosum species complexes in West Africa are examples. There have been detailed longitudinal studies of Anopheles gambiae populations in different ecological zones of West Africa. Studies on Simulium damnosum cytoforms (using chromosome identification methods) in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme were necessary to detect changes in distribution of species in relation to changed habitats. These examples underline the need for studies on the taxonomy of medically-important insects in parallel with long-term observations on changing habitats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. 848 73

Blood smears collected from fever cases for detection of malaria parasites during daytime showed concomitant infections of Wuchereria bancrofti from 1989 to 1991 in Bisra PHC of district Sundargarh, Orissa. Of the total 51,448 blood smears examined, 18,444 (35.84%) were positive for malaria parasites which comprised 3401 (18.44%) Plasmodium vivax, 14,524 (78.75%) P. falciparum, 156 (0.84%) P. malariae and 363 (1.97%) mixed plasmodial infections. Only 240 (0.46%) cases were positive for W. bancrofti, of which 160 (66.67%) were frank microfilariae (mf) cases, while 80 (33.33%) showed concomitant infections with malaria parasites. Filariasis was less prevalent in lower age-groups. Malaria incidence in people below thirty years was higher compared to older people, on the contrary, mf incidence was more in people above 15 yrs or more age. Microfilariae density was within 1-7 parasites per 10 microliters blood. About 90% mf cases were within the range of 1-4 per 10 microliters blood. Mean malaria parasitaemia in concomitant infection cases was 9574 per microliters blood (median 5955; range 35 to 49,500). Presence of diurnal microfilaraemia needs further investigation.
 ...
PMID:Naturally acquired concomitant infections of bancroftian filariasis and human plasmodia in Orissa. 854 37

The Mianmin are a mobile population occupying a remote lower montane area at 100-1200 m altitude in the north-western interior of Papua New Guinea (PNG). Major medical problems include malaria and bancroftian filariasis. An entomological survey conducted along an altitudinal transect from 170 to 1000m identified Anopheles koliensis as the predominant malaria vector below 650 m, with A. punctulatus dominating at the higher elevations. Proportions of mosquitoes with malaria circumsporozoite antigens diminished with increasing altitude, as did the proportion of mosquitoes infected with stage 3 larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti. These patterns are consistent with increases in the length of the extrinsic incubation period associated with the lower temperatures found at higher altitudes. Inoculation rates varied less regularly with altitude, owing to local variation in biting rates, but were sufficient even at the higher elevations to maintain a high parasite prevalence in the human population. Results support recent suggestions that the 'population-sink' model of the PNG highland fringes needs additionally to consider local variation due to non-altitude-related ecological factors.
 ...
PMID:Altitude and the risk of bites from mosquitoes infected with malaria and filariasis among the Mianmin people of Papua New Guinea. 909 15


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>