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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eight cases of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-2 were documented by ELISA and Western blot in Gambia between January 1988-September 1989 from a hospital-based screening of 205 malnourished children, 864 subjects in a malaria study, 34 patients with probable immunodeficiency and 24 children of 17 HIV-2 seropositive mothers. AIDS was diagnosed by WHO clinical definition. Diagnosis of HIV-2 was made if sera were positive by ELISA and Western blot (LAV Blot2, Diagnostics Pasteur, Marnes-La-Coquette, France) and negative by Wellcozyme I competitive ELISA to HIV-a (Wellcome Diagnostics, Dartford, UK). The children ranged in age from 17 months-5 years, and in ponderal index from 50-90%. 6 had CD4 percentages or counts below the normal range. 7 of the 8 could only have been infected pre- or perinatally, while 1 had been transfused from her mother. The clinical features included 5 with diarrhea 1 month; 3 with Cryptosporidium, 3 with Candida, a pneumonia, an interstitial pneumonia by x-ray, a streptococcus abscess, a staphylococcus abscess, 1 infant with failure to thrive and 1 4-year old who was asymptomatic. This group of patients was more severely affected than a series reported from Guinea Bissau: their mothers also had advanced AIDS in comparison to asymptomatic mothers in the other series. While mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 occurs in approximately 33% of children of HIV-1 seropositive mothers, these data cannot estimate the actual rate of transmission of HIV-2.
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PMID:AIDS following mother-to-child transmission of HIV-2. 197 26

This review describes the transmission, clinical picture and immunological abnormalities of HIV infection in children in general, and the special problems of AIDS in African children. The review begins with a thorough introduction to the epidemiology of AIDS. Transmission to children generally involves vertical transmission by placental transfer or transmission of HIV via transfusion of blood and blood products, or by contaminated needles. Casual transfer is unknown, and only a few cases of transmission via breast milk are known. The clinical picture of HIV infection in infants and children differs from that in adults in 3 important aspects: earlier onset, different clinical presentation and existence of AIDS embryopathy. The average onset was 5 months of age. The most common symptoms in young children are chronic interstitial pneumonitis without demonstrable etiology, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, adenopathy, diarrhea, oral or perineal thrush, eczema and thrombocytopenia. The common opportunistic infections are pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Cryptosporidium diarrhea, pyogenic infections of the middle ear and gram-negative septicemia. Several infections seen in adult AIDS cases are rare in children: mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, toxoplasma gondii, hepatitis B, as well as Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma and cardiac abnormalities. The AIDS embryopathy or HIV dysmorphic syndrome is characterized by immunological abnormalities, growth failure, and craniofacial dysmorphism, particularly microcephaly, prominent box-like forehead, hypertelorism, flattened nasal bridge, obliquity of the eyes, blue sclerae and patulous lips. AIDS in African children is extremely difficult to diagnose because of similarities between the presenting symptoms and those commonly seen in sick children there, many of whom are also immune compromised. Where serotesting is available, the picture is complicated by cross reaction between the test agents and some factor found in sera from malaria patients. Seropositivity in some areas is high, increased by the prevalence of transfusion and injection treatments. Diagnosis is made more difficult by lack of laboratory facilities and difficulties in follow-up for pediatric patients. The CDC definitions of AIDS and ARC, and the WHO/CDC definitions of AIDS are appended.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection in childhood. 245 15

Twenty-nine juvenile, captive-reared African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) were hematologically monitored every 2 wk over the period of 24 wk during their first outdoor exposure. Blood samples taken from the penguins were screened for 12 blood evaluation parameters. Parasitemic penguins were medically treated. Eighteen birds (62.1%) experienced naturally acquired malaria and 11 birds (37.9%) remained nonparasitemic. A total of 32 avian malaria episodes were noted; 25 (78.1%) were identified as Plasmodium elongatum, 5 (15.6%) as Plasmodium relictum, and 2 (6.3%) as Plasmodium spp. One P. elongatum (3.4%) and 3 P. relictum (10.3%) infections were fatal. All deaths occurred during the first episode of parasitemia. Gross lesions of the birds that died included hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Interstitial pneumonia with schizonts was observed on histological examinations. The range, mean, and SD of 12 hematological parameters were determined for nonparasitemic and parasitemic penguins. Differences between these groups in total white blood cell (WBC) counts and relative lymphocytosis (LYMPHS) were not significant. The combined classes of total WBC counts (> 20.0 x 10(3)/microliters) and LYMPHS (> 60.0%) are not indicative of avian malaria infection in African penguins. No correlations were found between changes in the values of blood parameters with season or age of penguins. Treatment of parasitemic birds significantly reduced expected mortality from 50.0% to 13.8%.
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PMID:Hematologic characteristics of avian malaria cases in African black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) during the first outdoor exposure season. 815 74