Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the cacao-growing region in the southern part of the state of Bahia, the organochlorine insecticides, mainly gamma-benzene hexachloride (BHC) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), have been used for about 40 years on cacao crops and in public health programs for control of the insect vectors of different diseases, especially malaria. This paper presents the results of tests performed on 127 persons, all males, between the ages of 15 and 52 years, divided into eight groups as follows: three groups consisted of persons occupationally exposed to 1.5% BHC, that is, technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH); two groups consisted of individuals who had had occasional contact with the products or worked in areas near those in which they were used; two groups were appliers of DDT, and the last group--the control group--consisted of 50 individuals who had had no history of occupational exposure to insecticides. All the participants underwent testing to determine the parameters of biochemistry, hematology, and organochlorine insecticide residues in the blood. It was found that improper handling of the products and failure to use individual protective equipment, together with longer time of exposure, significantly increased the rates of GOT and GPT in the appliers of DDT and technical HCH, and in the latter the rates of alkaline phosphatase, albumin, and cholesterol were also found to be higher. In view of the high morbidity among pesticide appliers in agriculture and public health campaigns, it is important to institute programs to teach these workers to avoid contamination of their persons and of the environment by developing good hygiene habits, using individual protective equipment, and correctly handling the products. Rural workers and public health authorities must become aware of the importance of protective equipment, periodic health examinations, and reduced environmental pollution in order to lessen occupational risks of field workers and promote improved conditions of life for the rural population at large.
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PMID:[Risk factors related with occupational and environmental exposure to organochlorine insecticides in the state of Bahia, Brazil, 1985]. 183 87

A randomized double blind study was performed to evaluate the tolerance and the acceptance of mefloquine alone (Lariam) compared to a combined drug regimen consisting of mefloquine, sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine (MSP; Fansimef) in the prophylaxis of malaria. 175 Europeans travelling to different malaria endemic areas received either mefloquine alone (250 mg/week) or its combination with sulfadoxine (500 mg/week) plus pyrimethamine (25 mg/week). One person taking mefloquine and two taking MSP discontinued the drug intake because of moderate clinical side effects. Mild and moderate adverse clinical reactions predominantly concerning the gastro-intestinal tract and the autonomous nervous system were reported with a significantly higher occurrence in the MSP group. With both prophylactic regimens, reversibly elevated liver enzyme activities (glutamate oxalate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase [GPT]) were observed after prophylaxis. The increase of GPT serum activity correlated significantly with relatively high GPT levels before prophylaxis in both groups. This finding suggests a limited use of both regimens in cases of liver dysfunction. One case of mefloquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria was observed from West Africa; this patient was cured by a standard regimen of chloroquine.
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PMID:Tolerance of mefloquine alone and in combination with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in the prophylaxis of malaria. 269 82

A randomized double-blind study was performed to compare the side effects of long-term chemoprophylaxis of malaria with Fansidar (1 tablet a week) with those of a 300-mg weekly chloroquine regimen. This study was designed as a field trial with Austrian industrial workers in Nigeria and included 173 volunteers, 86 taking Fansidar and 87 taking chloroquine for 6 to 22 months. Only a few complaints were reported during that time, gastrointestinal disorders predominating in the Fansidar group and insomnia in the chloroquine group (3 cases each). The other complaints in both groups included one case each of skin rash and of visual disturbance, as well as one case of facial erythema after alcohol consumption in the Fansidar group and one of hair loss in the chloroquine group. Laboratory checks were performed at 3-monthly intervals, and included white and red cell counts, platelet counts and determination of GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase. There were no signs of drug-associated liver damage. In the Fansidar group there occurred a slight and transient decrease in the red cell count and in the chloroquine group a slight and transient decrease in the white cell count. Although statistically significant, these changes were without clinical significance. It is noteworthy that there were no cases of leucopenia in the Fansidar group. With the exception of one volunteer, who had discontinued his prophylactic drug regimen, malaria did not occur. Antibodies against blood stage parasites as determined by the indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT), however, could be found at different stages of the study, which indicates that these two antimalarials are not causal prophylactic agents.
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PMID:Tolerability of long-term prophylaxis with fansidar: a randomized double-blind study in Nigeria. 615 20

Elevated plasma levels of xanthine oxidase and liver function parameters have been associated with inflammatory events in several human diseases. While xanthine oxidase provides in vitro protection against malaria, its pathophysiological functions in vivo and interactions with liver function parameters remain unclear. This study examined the interactions and plasma levels of xanthine oxidase (XO) and uric acid (UA), catalase (CAT) and liver function parameters GOT, GPT and bilirubin in asymptomatic (n=20), uncomplicated (n=32), and severe (n=18) falciparum malaria children aged 3-13 years. Compared to age-matched control (n=16), significant (p<0.05) elevation in xanthine oxidase by 100-550%, uric acid by 15.4-153.8%, GOT and GPT by 22.1-102.2%, and total bilirubin by 2.3-86% according to parasitaemia (geometric mean parasite density (GMPD)=850-87100 parasites/microL) was observed in the malarial children. Further comparison with control revealed higher CAT level (16.2+/-0.5 vs 14.6+/-0.4 U/L; p<0.05) lacking significant (p>0.05) correlation with XO, but lower CAT level (13.4-5.4 U/L) with improved correlations (r=-0.53 to -0.91; p<0.05) with XO among the asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria children studied. 75% of control, 45% of asymptomatic, 21.9% of uncomplicated, and none of severe malaria children had Hb level>11.0 g/dL. Multivariate analyses further revealed significant (p<0.05) correlations between liver function parameters and xanthine oxidase (r=0.57-0.64) only in the severe malaria group. We conclude that elevated levels of XO and liver enzymes are biochemical features of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Nigerian children, with both parameters interacting differently to modulate the catalase response in asymptomatic and symptomatic falciparum malaria.
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PMID:Levels and interactions of plasma xanthine oxidase, catalase and liver function parameters in Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection. 1720 84

Pyrethroids are the most frequently used pesticides in agriculture, forestry, horticulture, hospitals public health, homes and textile industry. Cypermethrin, a composite pyrethroid is moderately toxic to mammals. Exposure to the pyrethroids occurs by inhalation, dermal and oral routes both accidentally as well as from the environment. Cypermethrin and DDT have been detected in human breast milk from malaria endemic area in South Africa. The WHO has recommended that the level of permethrin in drinking water not exceed 20 micrograms per liter (microg/L). The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits, habits and whether other chemicals are present. Pyrethroids are often combined commercially with other chemicals called synergists, which enhance the insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and pyrethroids. The synergists prevent some enzymes from breaking down the pyrethrins and pyrethroids, thus increasing their toxicity. Because these compounds are broken down in the body quickly, there are several ways to measure the metabolites of these chemicals in human blood and urine. In this study the pyrethroid cypermethrin Sherpa 25% (active substance 250 g/l cypermethrin) was used, rabbits (1 kg weight), were gavaged by 1/20 LD50 for 3 weeks (one dose every week). Blood was collected before dosing and after 24, 72, 144 hours after the treatment. Enzyme activities were assayed in the plasma samples obtained. GOT, GPT, ALPH, CREA, GGT, Glucose and Total Pro were measured. Rabbits showed depression, decrease in feed intake, body weight and loose faeces. Livers exhibited fatty change, necrosis, lesions in kidney included tubular necrosis and pink homogeneous tubular casts. Serum ALT and creatinine concentrations increased while those of total proteins, albumin, serum cholesterol and triglycerides decreased.The results showed a decrease in RBC; WBC and Hb. This probably explained by the effect of cypermethrin on the erythropoiesis. An increase of plasma enzyme activities in GOT, GPT and CPK were recorded, explain a high energy-generating product. An increase, in the plasma enzyme activity in Alkaline phosphatase, related to their role in the cell permeability. The histopathological results showed lesions and morphological changes of hepato-cellular, fibrosis and appearance of inflammatory infiltrate, confirmed disturbances of the biochemical parameters. These changes were much underlines during the animal toxicity.
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PMID:Biochemical investigation of cypermethrin toxicity in rabbits. 2021 22