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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
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The fact that economic progress has a bearing on health can be seen in most developing countries where widespread poverty causes poor health and high mortality. Childhood mortality is highest in Africa and in Southern Asia. The rate of decline in mortality has decreased in these areas since the 1950s. In Sri Lanka, approximately 5% of the children 5 years old die, yet yearly 1/3 of the children 5 Afghanistan and a few West African countries die. In less developed countries, adult mortality is high: in places where the life expectancy of a 15-year-old is under 50 years, 30-40% will die before age 60. 80-90% of the deaths from water and food borne diseases are accounted for by diarrhea and dysentery, and 60-70% of the deaths from airborne diseases by pneumonia and bronchitis. Present estimates from 4 localities indicate that measles, malaria, tetanus, and acute respiratory infection account for more than 90% of all child mortality. Various estimates suggest that there are 100-300 million cases of malaria and 1-2 million malaria-related deaths annually. Estimates indicate a ratio of abortions varying between 9/1000 live births in East Africa to 325/1000 live births in Latin America. 1986 WHO data indicate that induced abortion is responsible for 7-50% of all maternal deaths in developing countries. More than 90 countries now that operational diarrheal disease control programs, 47 countries are producing oral rehydration solutions, 8450 health personnel have been trained in diarrhea program supervisory skills, and oral rehydration use rates are slowly rising.
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PMID:Identifying health problems and health research priorities in developing countries. 266 49

Clinical details and present day problems encountered in 425 cases of falciparum malaria (PF) are reported. 10.11% had taken chloroquine prior to reporting to us. Parasitic count done in 23.05% cases lacked correlation with severity of disease. Pattern of fever varied markedly but 5.4% were afebrile throughout and presented only with bodyache and malaise. Apyrexial spell was noted in 5.64%. 28.70% had typical facial looks of anaemia and sallow complexion. Cerebral symptoms were noted in 3.05%. Other symptoms were severe headache 33.4%, pain abdomen 3.29%, gastroenteritis 5.64%, jaundice 2.58% and bronchitis in 7.50%. We encountered subconjunctival haemorrhages with purpura and/or urticaria in four cases, symptoms suggestive of shock lung in 3, pulmonary oedema in 2, severe anaemia (HB less than 4 g%) in seven pregnant ladies, extrapyramidal symptoms in follow up period in 5 and congenital malaria in 2 cases. 83.25% were cured with chloroquine and oxytetracycline. 8.47% (who deteriorated despite the above treatment) were treated with quinine for 6 days. 5.17% (with severe disease) were also given quinine as first line drug. 2.82% (unresponsive to chloroquine and oxytetracycline but with mild disease) were treated with pyrimethamine-sulphamezathine combination for 5 days. One case who did not respond to quinine was treated with quinidine. Recrudescence was seen in 3.67% of patients treated with chloroquine and oxytetracycline. There was no case with renal failure, haemolysis due to G6PD deficiency and black water fever. There was only one death (0.23%) in our series. Self-medication, haphazard therapy and the slogan "Fever may be malaria-take chloroquine" can lead to problems in falciparum malaria.
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PMID:Falciparum malaria--present day problems. An experience with 425 cases. 269 36

Some of the characteristics of the process of mortality decline in Latin America were studied for the 1955-73 period. General characteristics of mortality decline were examined and total and cause specific standardized death rates were examined in an effort to uncover the contribution of changes in the incidence of some diseases to the rate of decline in the initial stages of the process. The relationship between socioeconomic factors and total and cause-specific levels of mortality were also examined. Data on deaths by age groups and causes on various Latin American countries were collected from regular publications of the World Health Organization (WHO). Only those countries for which information was available at least at 1 point during the 1950s and at least once during the 1960s were included. Adult deaths (above age 5) were adjusted for completeness using techniques by Brass (1975) and Preston (1979). Causes of deaths were grouped into categories that allowed the comparability of the 6th, 7th, and 8th revisions of the International Classification of Diseases. Death rates specific for 5-year age groups were computed. The analysis supports the idea that the major contributors to the rapid process of mortality decline were, in this order: infectious diseases, influenza-pneumonia-bronchitis, and diarrhea. Respiratory tuberculosis and other diseases of early infancy were responsible for about 12% of the total decline. Of late there has been an apparent increase in deaths due to cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, but cardiovascular diseases (probably of infectious origin) may have contributed positively to mortality decline, perhaps as much as 28% of the total decline (net of the effects of changes in the category of "ill defined" deaths). The association between the decline in malaria and the concomitant decline in other infectious diseases points to a confirmation of the hypothesis which attributed substantial weight to medical innovations because of the synergism among the diseases themselves. The source of the changes in mortality were found to correspond in almost equal measure to rising standards of living and to the contribution of exogenous factors: about 45% of the changes between 1955-73 were due to rising standards of living. Exogenous factors seemed to have left a more decisive imprint among countries in which malaria was endemic and within categories of such diseases (such as infections) which were most likely to be controlled without imposing the necessity of substantial transformations in standards of living.
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PMID:Mortality decline in Latin America: changes in the structure of causes of deaths, 1950-1975. 734 97

Patterns of health-care utilization and of morbidity were investigated in a demographically defined community: the 1400 inhabitants of a rural village near Lahore, Pakistan. The data collected, by semi-monthly clinic surveys from February 1982 to January 1983, showed that 42% of the study population sought health care during the year-long study period, between one and 10 (mean 2.1) times each. Females attended the clinics twice as often as males. The 1193 person-visits that were recorded at the field clinics yielded a total of 1354 cases of various diseases. The cumulative number of clinic-visits per person fitted a negative binomial distribution, indicating that health problems were concentrated in a small portion of the population. When the patients were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, the most common disease category was that of the respiratory system (27.6%), followed by infectious and parasitic diseases (18.7%), diseases of the skin (13.7%) and those of the nervous system and sense organs (10.9%). Classification of the cases by single disease condition indicated that diarrhoea, helminthiasis, malaria, anaemia, conjunctivitis, bronchitis, coryza, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, dyspepsia and pyoderma were the most common diseases. In view of the fact that infectious diseases continue to be a major public health problem in rural Pakistan, the need for a sound health policy that is primarily focused on preventive medicine, especially health education, is apparent.
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PMID:Patterns of health-care utilization and morbidity in a rural community near Lahore, Pakistan. 872 31

Malaria, a major killer of mankind, apart from classical ague presentation, may present with respiratory manifestations. This may be misdiagnosed and important time may be lost in instituting antimalarials leading to higher morbidity and mortality. Present work was undertaken to study the clinical presentations of malaria with special reference to respiratory system and to evaluate the effect of antimalarials to such atypical presentation. One hundred slide positive cases of malaria were taken and detailed for respiratory involvement. Response to antimalarials was seen in these cases and associated complications (if any) were looked for. Mean age of the cases was 29.3 years with a male predominance. Positivity of peripheral smear read as: P vivax(53%), P falciparum (36%) and mixed infection (11%). Twenty-six patients had presented with respiratory manifestations-bronchitis (15), pneumonia (4), asthmatic bronchitis (1), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (4) and pulmonary tuberculosis (2). Of these 26 cases, presenting symptoms noticed were cough (77%), dyspnoea (32%), expectoration (29%) and chest pain (15%). Twenty-five (96%) of these 26 patients were positive for P falciparum. Response to antimalarials was not significantly different in these 26 patients as compared to the rest (74 cases). All patients developing ARDS expired. The present study concludes that malarial atypical respiratory presentations are far higher in incidence than reported in literature. Peripheral smear examination in all patients of high grade fever with chills and rigors and having respiratory manifestations may unmask malarial infection and warrant early antimalarial treatment resulting in decreased morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Pulmonary manifestations in malaria. 1125 88

The primary health care program in the Philippines today officially includes only the control of parasites which cause malaria and schistomiasis. Dr. Solon suggests that equal emphasis should be given to the control of all types of parasites. This paper presents excerpts from an interview with Dr. Solon. He expresses his opinion that in the past 20 years infant mortality has decreased markedly. In 1985, it was reduced to 58/1000 live births. He attributes this to a political will to support the health ministry in the implementation of its programs. The efforts to implement primary health care (PHC) has resulted in receiving the Kawaski Award given by Japan and the World Health Organization (WHO) to a country successfully implementing PHC. JOICFP has demonstrated the approaches used in the integration of family planning, nutrition and parasite control. Dr. Solon hopes that the integrated project would pave the way for the control of parasites other than schistostomiasis and malariasis. Less attention has been paid to the control of helminths such as ascaris, bookworm, trichuris t. and roundworm, which are common in the Philippines. Worms may cause deadly diseases such as pneumonia and bronchitis. JOICFP has shown that in several project areas in the country, use of the right personnel, equipment and anthelmintics can result in controlling these parasites.
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PMID:Parasites of all types must be controlled. 1231 90

Antimicrobial resistance is threatening the management of infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS. In the past, resistance could be handled by development of new drugs active against resistant microbes. However, the pharmaceutical industry has reduced its research efforts in infections; genomics has not delivered the anticipated novel therapeutics; new regulatory requirements have increased costs; antibiotic use in common infections-eg, bronchitis and sinusitis-is questioned; and, compared with other drugs, return on investments is lower for antimicrobials. To avoid a serious threat to public health, academia, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry, regulators, and healthcare providers must find solutions to this problem. Academia should concentrate on technologies to unlock new drug targets, and industry on drug candidates. In addition, regulators and pharmaceutical companies should agree on new clinical-trial designs so that information on therapeutic efficacy is generated in fewer patients-eg, by studying pharmacodynamics of antimicrobials in patients with defined infections.
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PMID:Lack of development of new antimicrobial drugs: a potential serious threat to public health. 1568 Jul 81

As a part of an interdisciplinary research and action programme, morbidity and nutritional patterns were assessed in three nomadic communities: Fulani and Arab cattle breeders and Arab camel breeders, of two prefectures in Chad. The predominant morbidity pattern of Chadian nomadic pastoralists (representing approximately 10% of the total population of the country) had not been documented so far. A total of 1092 women, men and children was examined by a physician and interviewed during two surveys in the dry season and one in the wet season (1999--2000). Participants with no complaint were rare. Pulmonary disorders (e.g. bronchitis) were most often diagnosed for children under 5 years of age. Of the adult participants, 4.6% were suspected of tuberculosis. Febrile diarrhoea occurred more often during the wet season when access to clean drinking water was precarious. Malaria was only rarely clinically diagnosed among Arabs during the dry season, whereas Fulani, who stayed in the vicinity of Lake Chad, were also affected during this period. A 24-h dietary recall showed that less Arab women than men consumed milk during the dry season (66% versus 92%). Malnutrition was only documented for 3 out of 328 children (0--14 years). Arab women in childbearing age had a higher proportion of children not surviving when compared to Fulani women (0.2 versus 0.07). This study identified several implications for reseach and interventions in nomadic settings. Innovative and integrated health services for nomads can possibly be extended to many settings as nomadic pastoralists have in common a similar way of life driven by the needs of their animals.
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PMID:Morbidity and nutrition patterns of three nomadic pastoralist communities of Chad. 1586 6

The medicinal plants are widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day to day practice. In traditional systems of medicine, different parts (leaves, stem, flower, root, seeds and even whole plant) of Ocimum sanctum Linn (known as Tulsi in Hindi), a small herb seen throughout India, have been recommended for the treatment of bronchitis, bronchial asthma, malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, skin diseases, arthritis, painful eye diseases, chronic fever, insect bite etc. The Ocimum sanctum L. has also been suggested to possess antifertility, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifungal, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antiemetic, antispasmodic, analgesic, adaptogenic and diaphoretic actions. Eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene), the active constituent present in Ocimum sanctum L., has been found to be largely responsible for the therapeutic potentials of Tulsi. Although because of its great therapeutic potentials and wide occurrence in India the practitioners of traditional systems of medicine have been using Ocimum sanctum L. for curing various ailments, a rational approach to this traditional medical practice with modern system of medicine is, however, not much available. In order to establish the therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum L. in modern medicine, in last few decades several Indian scientists and researchers have studied the pharmacological effects of steam distilled, petroleum ether and benzene extracts of various parts of Tulsi plant and eugenol on immune system, reproductive system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastric system, urinary system and blood biochemistry and have described the therapeutic significance of Tulsi in management of various ailments. These pharmacological studies have established a scientific basis for therapeutic uses of this plant.
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PMID:Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: a short review. 1617 Sep 79

Herbal remedies have become popular, due in part to the lower risk of adverse reactions. Thousands of plants have been used traditionally to treat various diseases. Among them, species of the genus Piper are important medicinal plants used in various systems of medicine. The Piper longum fruit has been used in traditional medicine, including the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Although there are numerous indications for its use, controlled trials are needed to determine its efficacy. The primary constituents isolated from various parts of P. longum are piperine, piperlongumine, sylvatin, sesamin, diaeudesmin piperlonguminine, pipermonaline, and piperundecalidine. It is most commonly used to treat chronic bronchitis, asthma, constipation, gonorrhea, paralysis of the tongue, diarrhea, cholera, chronic malaria, viral hepatitis, respiratory infections, stomachache, bronchitis, diseases of the spleen, cough, and tumors. This study provides detailed information about the P. longum fruit, including phytochemistry, pharmacological profile and safety profile. In view of the commercial, economic, and medicinal importance of the P. longum plant, it is useful for researchers to study the plant in detail.
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PMID:Overview for various aspects of the health benefits of Piper longum linn. fruit. 2170 57


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