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 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease, Aleppo boil, and AIDS are among the tropical diseases causing millions of infections and cases of deaths per year because only inefficient chemotherapy is available. Since the targeting of the enzymes of the polyamine pathway may provide novel therapy options, we aimed to inhibit the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, which is an important step in the biosynthesis of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A. In order to identify new lead compounds, piperidines were produced and biologically evaluated. The 3,5-diethyl piperidone-3,5-dicarboxylates 11 and 13 substituted with 4-nitrophenyl rings in the 2 and 6 positions were found to be active against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Plasmodium falciparum combined with low cytotoxicity against macrophages. The corresponding monocarboxylates are only highly active against the T. brucei brucei. The piperidine oximether 53 demonstrated the highest plasmodicidal activity. Moreover, compounds 11 and 53 were also able to inhibit replication of HIV-1.
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PMID:In search of novel agents for therapy of tropical diseases and human immunodeficiency virus. 1815 21

Malaria affects millions of people in India despite decades of efforts to control it. It has acquired greater importance in last two decades due to emergence of vector resistance, poor quality of care and low utilization of services. The study was conducted to improve the management of malaria by IEC and training activities in slum areas of Delhi. The baseline and post intervention data on knowledge, attitude, behavior and practices (KABP) regarding malaria was collected from 601 and 593 subjects respectively from two zones of Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). At the same time, knowledge and skills regarding management of malaria were assessed among 15 health workers working in these two zones of MCD. An intervention package in the form of health education material for the community and training modules for the workers were designed and implemented. Post intervention data were collected. The knowledge about cause of malaria, season of malaria and breeding places of mosquito increased among community members after the intervention, which was found to be statistically significant. Similarly, more people were aware about the methods of prevention of mosquito breeding after the intervention. Methods like mosquito coil (post-64.92% vs pre-55.41%) and bet nets (post-24.96% vs pre-14.47%) were used by more people in post intervention phase. The Interval between onset of symptoms and seeking treatment decreased after the intervention from 1.66 days to 1.37 days. Among the workers, knowledge and skills regarding malaria management improved after the intervention. More blood slides were made, side effects of the treatment were explained to the patients and better compliance to treatment was observed in post intervention phase. IEC activities using attractive pamphlets to the community and on-job training of workers improves management of malaria and should be used more frequently more so in the slum areas for the success of the National Anti-Malaria Program.
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PMID:Impact of health education intervention on knowledge and community action for malaria control in Delhi. 1924 56

This retrospective study was conducted in order to determine the incidence of various complications of Plasmodium vivax malaria based on a review of case records in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. The case records of all confirmed cases of malaria over the period of one year were studied. Complete blood count, peripheral blood findings, liver and kidney functions were reviewed. There were 165 confirmed cases. Of these, 121 were due to P. vivax and 42 to P. falciparum. Two cases had mixed infection. The complications seen in the P. vivax cases were: thrombocytopenia; hepatic dysfunction; renal damage; and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There were three deaths as a result of ARDS. This paper highlights the fact that P. vivax malaria, although considered to be a benign entity, can have a severe and complicated course, which is usually associated with P. falciparum malaria.
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PMID:Is benign tertian malaria actually benign? 2243 27

Plasmodium vivax is traditionally known to cause benign tertian malaria, although recent reports suggest that P. vivax can also cause severe life-threatening disease analogous to severe infection due to P. falciparum. There are limited published data on the clinical and epidemiological profiles of children suffering from 'severe malaria' in an urban setting of India. To assess the clinical and epidemiological profiles of children with severe malaria, a prospective study was carried out during June 2008-December 2008 in the Department of Pediatrics, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, a tertiary hospital located in East Delhi, India. Data on children aged < or = 12 years, diagnosed with severe malaria, were analyzed for their demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters. All patients were categorized and treated as per the guidelines of the World Health Organization. In total, 1,680 children were screened for malaria at the paediatric outpatient and casualty facilities of the hospital. Thirty-eight children tested positive for malaria on peripheral smear examination (2.26% slide positivity rate). Of these, 27 (71%) were admitted and categorized as severe malaria as per the definition of the WHO while another 11 (29%) received treatment on outpatient basis. Most (24/27; 88.8%) cases of severe malaria (n=27) were infected with P. vivax. Among the cases of severe malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax (n=24), 12 (50%) presented with altered sensorium (cerebral malaria), seven (29.1%) had severe anaemia (haemoglobin <5 g/dL), and 17 (70.8%) had thrombocytopaenia, of which two had spontaneous bleeding (epistaxis). Cases of severe vivax malaria are clinically indistinguishable from severe falciparum malaria. Our study demonstrated that majority (88.8%) of severe malaria cases in children from Delhi and adjoining districts of Uttar Pradesh were due to P. vivax-associated infection. P. vivax should, thus, be regarded as an important causative agent for severe malaria in children.
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PMID:Clinical and epidemiological profiles of severe malaria in children from Delhi, India. 2252 28

Variant surface antigens (VSAs) present on the surface of parasitized erythrocytes facilitate many Plasmodium spp. to escape the host immune system during infection. Multigene families coding for VSAs exist in several Plasmodium spp. and are located on telomeric and subtelomeric regions of the chromosomes. P. vivax genome also contains a multigene superfamily vir (variant interspersed repeats), present in the subtelomeric region with a possible role in immune evasion like the var gene in P. falciparum. Blood samples from 148 symptomatic malaria cases were collected from five different regions of India, viz. Mangalore, Rourkela, Goa, Delhi and Jabalpur. P. vivax isolates (74 single infections) were sequenced for four vir genes (viz. vir 27, vir 4, vir 12 and vir 21) and analyzed for the genetic variability existing in different populations of India. The results indicate that vir genes in different P. vivax populations in India are highly divergent both within and between the isolates. High levels of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed attributing to the existing polymorphism for all the four vir genes studied across the population. Detailed knowledge of the genetic variation among the vir genes will help in understanding the evolutionary aspects of vir genes and may also provide basis for understanding the disease chronicity.
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PMID:Assessing the genetic diversity of the vir genes in Indian Plasmodium vivax population. 2282 26

Media scanning for unusual health events can efficiently supplement conventional communicable disease surveillance systems for early detection and response to outbreaks. There is a need to rapidly process and appropriately disseminate the media reports on unusual health events for timely action. Hence to address this need in India a Media Scanning & Verification Cell (MSVC) was established in July 2008 at the National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi. MSVC is supervised by Epidemiologists working in Central Surveillance Unit of IDSP. This unique system monitors Global and National Media sources such as National and Regional print media, news on internet, news wires and websites, news channels and news shared by partners like Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), Canada, WHO and other International and national agencies. The information is shared to the districts affected and District Surveillance Officer (DSO) and his team is expected to investigate and revert through the internet about the correctness and action taken. A mean number of 4 Media Alert reports are generated each day. A total of 1685 alerts were reported in a period between July 2008 to December 2011. Of these 1241 (73.7%) were verified as real events and 183 (10.9%) were considered outbreaks by local health officials. Most events were captured through internet (57%) followed by the print media (24%). The most common disease events identified were food-borne and diarrhea (29.1%), dengue (10.68%), influenza & respiratory disease (8.1%) and malaria (7.4%). The sensitivity of MSVC to detect outbreaks was 14.8% with more than half of outbreaks detected before they were identified by the conventional surveillance system. It has proven to be a highly effective supplemental tool to official surveillance system in the detection of early warning signals and hence timely detection and management of public health threats in India.
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PMID:Media scanning and verification system as a supplemental tool to disease outbreak detection & reporting at National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi. 2445 10

It has been repeatedly reported that lack of effective community participation in malaria control strategies has been partly responsible for high incidence of malaria in India. Active involvement of community in malaria control is a function of the awareness of that community. The present study was conceived with the objective to study the awareness and practices regarding malaria among fever cases clinically suspected of malaria and to assess the slide positivity rate among the same. Awareness and practices of 101 consecutive clinically suspected malaria cases (presenting with fever) attending medical OPD in Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra Hospital, Narela in North West district of Delhi regarding malaria were assessed using a 37 item pre-tested, semi-structured, semi-open ended, and Investigator administered questionnaire. Thin blood films were made for these patients and stained by Romanowski's method using Leishman's stain and reported by haematologist in the Department of Pathology, UCMS & GTB Hospital, Delhi. 37.5% patients had fever ranging from 1-3 days & 60% patients knew of chills and rigors as a symptom of malaria. While 80.2% patients correctly reported that malaria is caused by mosquito, only 52% patients stated that water should not be allowed to stagnate in order to prevent mosquito breeding. 61% patients did not get their houses sprayed with insecticides in last one year. 85.4% patients used one or more methods for personal protection against malaria. On laboratory examination 21% peripheral smears were found to be positive for Plasmodium vivax. Respondents were found to have modest knowledge regarding malaria. Relatively high malaria positivity was seen in malaria suspects. These aspects need to be addressed by the programme managers.
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PMID:Awareness and practices regarding malaria in clinical suspects and the alarming slide positivity rate amongst them: a hospital based study from Delhi. 2514 54

Background. Malaria still remains a public health problem in developing countries and changing environmental and climatic factors pose the biggest challenge in fighting against the scourge of malaria. Therefore, the study was designed to forecast malaria cases using climatic factors as predictors in Delhi, India. Methods. The total number of monthly cases of malaria slide positives occurring from January 2006 to December 2013 was taken from the register maintained at the malaria clinic at Rural Health Training Centre (RHTC), Najafgarh, Delhi. Climatic data of monthly mean rainfall, relative humidity, and mean maximum temperature were taken from Regional Meteorological Centre, Delhi. Expert modeler of SPSS ver. 21 was used for analyzing the time series data. Results. Autoregressive integrated moving average, ARIMA (0,1,1) (0,1,0)(12), was the best fit model and it could explain 72.5% variability in the time series data. Rainfall (P value = 0.004) and relative humidity (P value = 0.001) were found to be significant predictors for malaria transmission in the study area. Seasonal adjusted factor (SAF) for malaria cases shows peak during the months of August and September. Conclusion. ARIMA models of time series analysis is a simple and reliable tool for producing reliable forecasts for malaria in Delhi, India.
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PMID:Forecasting malaria cases using climatic factors in delhi, India: a time series analysis. 2514 50

The diseases originating from animals or associated with man and animals are remerging and have resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality. The present review highlights the re-emergence of emerging mainly zoonotic diseases like chikungunya, scrub typhus, and extension of spatial distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis from western Rajasthan to Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, and Haryana states; West Nile virus to Assam, and non-endemic areas of Japanese encephalitis (JE) like Maharashtra and JE to Delhi; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever making inroads in Ahmedabad; and reporting fifth parasite of human malaria with possibility of zoonosis have been highlighted, which necessitates further studies for prevention and control. Emphasis has been given on understanding the ecology of reservoir hosts of pathogen, micro niche of vector species, climatic, socioeconomic risk factors, etc. Development of facilities for diagnosis of virus from insects, reservoirs, and human beings (like BSL4, which has been established in NIV, Pune), awareness about symptoms of new emerging viral and other zoonotic diseases, differential diagnosis, risk factors (climatic, ecological, and socioeconomic) and mapping of disease-specific vulnerable areas, and mathematical modeling for projecting epidemiological scenario is needed for preparedness of public health institutes. It is high time to understand the ecological link of zoonotic or anthroponotic diseases for updated risk maps and epidemiological knowledge for effective preventive and control measures. The public health stakeholders in India as well as in Southeast Asia should emphasize on understanding the eco-epidemiology of the discussed zoonotic diseases for taking preventive actions.
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PMID:Emerging vector-borne zoonoses: eco-epidemiology and public health implications in India. 2532 52

Dengue and chikungunya fevers are transmitted by the common mosquito vector Aedes and malaria by Anopheles. Concurrent infections are reported due to co-circulation of these pathogens, especially in endemic regions. We report a rare case of triple infection with 3 arthropod-borne pathogens (Plasmodium vivax and the dengue and chikungunya viruses) in a 3-year-old child from New Delhi, India, in August 2016. The viruses were identified by RT-PCR and the parasite by microscopy and antigen detection. The dengue virus serotype 3 sequence was clustered in the genotype III by the phylogenetic analysis. Mixed infection with multiple pathogens is a challenge for accurate diagnosis due to the overlapping clinical symptoms. The accurate and timely diagnosis of multiple pathogens in such cases is important for rapid and effective patient management.
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PMID:Concurrent Infection with Plasmodium vivax and the Dengue and Chikungunya Viruses in a Paediatric Patient from New Delhi, India in 2016. 2891 Aug 10


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