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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The combined transmission of P. vivax phenotypes was studied. The phenotypes were determined by the duration of a latent parasitic development stage by comparing the intervals from first manifestations of malaria with short- and long-term incubations to its relapse. The study used data on 2493 patients treated with chloroquine (900 mg base for adults) alone at follow-ups in the North-Eastern Delhi (India) in 1988-1992. The combined transmission of P. vivax phenotypes was shown to differ in malaria with short- and long-term incubation. The P. vivax phenotype with manifestations on an average a year following infection in patients with mainly short-term incubation malaria and that with manifestations on an average year and a half after infection in a group of patients with primary long-term incubation malaria were significantly more frequently. Long-term incubation malaria shows simultaneously a larger number of phenotypes than does short-term incubation one. Patients with long-term incubation malaria display a combination of 2 phenotypes (6%) significantly less frequently than that of 3 different phenotypes or more (17%). The similar combinations were observed in the equal number of patients with short-term incubation malaria (7%).
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PMID:[Phenotypic variability in P. vivax with short- and long-term incubation period]. 1121 Apr 8

A field trial was conducted in Block F of the Moti Bagh area of New Delhi Municipal Committee to demonstrate composite control of Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti by spraying deltamethrin at 100 mg/m2 on window and door curtains of habitations. Results revealed drastic reduction (87.9-93.7%, P < 0.05) of target species in the experimental area. The impact of deltamethrin-treated curtains was also evident against nontarget species (67.9-85.7%. P < 0.05). Treated curtains provided 100% kill of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti for 3-4 months, followed by a gradual decline in successive months. Use of deltamethrin-treated curtains resulted in 92.0 reduction in slide positivity rate and 95.4% reduction in malaria cases per thousand population. The cost of deltamethrin treatment was Rs 41.15 (<$1 U.S.) per house per annum. Insecticide-treated mosquito window and door curtains, along with legislative measures, may provide cost-effective concurrent control of mosquitoes and other domestic pests.
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PMID:Concurrent control of mosquitoes and domestic pests by use of deltamethrin-treated curtains in the New Delhi Municipal Committee, India. 1148 Aug 21

Two fever surveys were carried out in Shahbad dairy, Delhi in the post-monsoon months of October and November, 1996. Shahbad dairy is a peri-urban locality in the northern periphery of Delhi. The prevalence of fever was found to be 11.6% in October and 2% in November. In the two surveys a total of 21 (28%) fever cases were found infected with malaria (17 with P. falciparum and 4 with P. vivax). The prevalence of malaria in the surveyed population was lower (25%) in October than in November (36.8%). More adults and males suffered from malaria than other age groups and the females. In November the mean asexual parasitaemia, for P. falciparum infection, sharply declined among 5-14-years old children by 68%, but among adults it increased by 32%. Collection of adult mosquitoes, from human houses, revealed the presence of 5 species of anopheline mosquitoes comprising Anopheles culicifacies, An. stephensi, An. annularis, An. subpictus, and An. nigerrimus, and a culicine mosquito Culex vishnui complex. Extensive breeding of these mosquitoes was detected in the vicinity of Shahbad dairy. Characteristic ecological support system (ESS) for malaria transmission was identified at the peri-urban focus of Shahbad dairy.
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PMID:Eco-epidemiological characteristics of an unstable peri-urban focus of falciparum malaria. 1189 56

Study on bionomics of malaria vectors was carried out in riverine and non-riverine areas, on account of tremendous ecological changes in the topography of Delhi. The densities of adult anophelines were estimated by two techniques, hand catch and total catch index. Percentage of An. stephensi (15.68) collected by both the techniques was more than An. culicifacies (3.16) in both the areas. Day-time resting preferences of vector species in human dwellings and cattlesheds did not differ significantly. Preferred larval habitats of An. culicifacies in riverine area shifted to large lakes, channels and ponds. In malaria transmission, An. culicifacies played a role only in the northern part of the riverine area where water pollution was at minimal level, while An. stephensi played an equal role in the malaria transmission in both the areas. High sporozoite rates were found in type form of An. stephensi in localities where its proportion was high, thus confirming its active role in malaria transmission. The overall sporozoite rate of vectors was 0.7 per cent and P. falciparum sporozoite infections of the vectors were detected in An. stephensi only. P. vivax and P. falciparum infections were found in the ratio of 68:32. The non-riverine area was more malarious than the riverine area.
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PMID:Impact of urbanization on bionomics of An. culicifacies and An. stephensi in Delhi. 1212 18

India has formulated a nationally applicable, socially acceptable, and epidemiologically effective National Tuberculosis Program (NTP), which served as an example for many other countries. In the 1940s, the New Delhi Tuberculosis Center pioneered organized domiciliary treatment of TB cases; the Union Mission Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Madanapalle, had started conducting epidemiological surveys in the late 1930s; the 1954-56 national sample survey of TB is still considered a classic; and this was followed by outstanding longitudinal surveys and epidemiological studies demonstrating that BCG does not provide protection to adults against TB. Halfdan Mahler joined P.V. Benjamin in launching the National BCG Campaign in the 1950s. India demonstrated in the 1950s that home treatment of patients is as efficacious as sanatorium treatment. The National Tuberculosis Institute was set up in 1959 with the specific mandate of making TB services available to larger masses of people. Social science data were also collected to show that TB patients were seeking help from health institutions; they helped diagnose patients in remote rural areas, they proved that the TB program had to be part of the general health services, and they demonstrated the epidemiological potential of a felt-need oriented TB program. The NTP diagnosed TB cases in rural institutions by sputum examination and treated them with chemotherapy. The Tuberculosis Center at district headquarters (DTC) was responsible for providing training to health workers, keeping track of all TB cases and referring them. By 1983-84, the NTP program had been implemented in 353 districts and during that year 1,308,880 cases were treated. Nevertheless, hundreds of thousands of infectious patients are not treated because health authorities put priority on child immunization and are preoccupied with malaria and family planning. The indifference of the bureaucracy and public health leadership is to be blamed for thousands of TB deaths. The solution lies in strengthening the practice of public health.
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PMID:The National Tuberculosis Programme and its implementation. 1228 91

Six diseases are the targets of the vaccine development program in India. The project involves 12 national research institutions and two private companies, Indian Immunologicals and Bharat Biotech, which are both based in Hyderabad, India. Targets of the program are AIDS, cholera, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, rabies, and tuberculosis. In a report in the journal Nature Medicine, K. S. Jayaraman notes that a single agency--the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)--will oversee the project. According to Jayaraman, DBT secretary Manju Sharma predicts the deployment of cholera and rabies vaccines by the year 2002. An oral recombinant cholera vaccine recently proved safe in Phase I trials at the Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigart, and a promising DNA vaccine for rabies is in late preclinical development at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. The AIDS vaccine initiative, underway at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, will use a poxvirus construct expressing HIV-I subtype C, the strain most prevalent on the Indian subcontinent. N. K. Vinayak, head of the DBT medical division, told Jayaraman that the HIV vaccine would be ready for animal studies in a year. Funding for the program seems small by Western standards: $4 million over 3 years.
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PMID:India embarks on vaccine-development scheme. 1234 53

In 1978 the concept of primary health care was adopted by 116 countries at Alma Ata, yet the negative impact of structural readjustment programs in Africa and South America could be felt due to the cuts in expenditures on health, education, and social matters. The result is a resurgence of communicable diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. Another factor in this resurgence is extreme poverty. In 1994 over 1000 people died in Rajasthan, India, of a malaria epidemic, and during the same time in Delhi over 300 deaths were attributed to hemorrhagic dengue fever. Malariogenic and tuberculous conditions continue to flourish owing to distorted development patterns and commercialization of medical care as public health and community health services are being replaced by profit-oriented curative care, 80% of which is in private hands. This has resulted in spiraling medical care costs and rural indebtedness. Socioeconomic deprivation in developing countries threatens TB control. Factors contributing to the spread of TB were established in 1899 and are still valid in India and other developing countries: TB contamination of air, inadequate food, overcrowded dwelling, and low state of physical health. Even in developed countries TB is on the rise: there were 172 cases in 1991 in England vs. 305 cases in 1993, half of them among immigrants. The increase occurred in the poorest 30% of the population. The World Bank is providing loans for a revised TB and malaria strategy, and the Disability Adjusted Life Year has been used to identify the greatest burden of diseases. On the other hand, the Indian National Health Policy has not been revised since 1983. Priority must be given to those living in extreme poverty to curb the resurgence of once controlled diseases.
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PMID:Malaria and tuberculosis: our concerns. 1234 3

Malaria is a major public health problem in India. IEC activities have been an important activity of National Anti Malaria Programme. The present study was undertaken with the objective to assess awareness and practices regarding malaria among patients attending malaria clinic. Literacy status was low among the respondents. About 57% of respondents were aware of the cause of malaria as parasite or mosquito and awareness increased with the literacy status (49.4% in illiterate to 85.4% in high school and above literate). More than half (51.0%) of the respondents attributed high fever with chills and rigor as the most important symptom of malaria, but some of the respondents also mentioned only high fever (18.9%) or high fever with diarrhea (21.2%) as main symptom of malaria. Majority of the respondents knew that mosquito bred in water (62.9%) and mosquito breeding could be prevented (56.6%), knowledge significantly better among literate than illiterates. The present study showed that the awareness and practices about the cause and prevention of malaria were just fair among the patients attending the Malaria Clinic of a Primary Health Centre of Delhi and were dependent upon the literacy status of the study population. Poor response towards practising preventive measures against mosquito bites as approx. one third were not practising any method could be due to poor awareness about malaria preventive measures.
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PMID:Awareness and practices regarding malaria of catchment population of a primary health centre in Delhi. 1271 46

The article focuses on the Indian initiative of making kits for diagnosis of various infectious and non-infectious diseases as well as reproductive hormones and hormones in various other endocrine disorders. Indigenous diagnostic kits for the detection of various infections such as filariasis, typhoid, amebiasis, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis, HIV, dengue, leishmaniasis, malaria, rabies, toxoplasmosis, rotavirus, and group A streptococci have been developed. Agreements to transfer the know-how of some of these leads to industries have been signed. The know-how of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of hepatitis C has been successfully transferred to industry and is being commercially produced. For detection of HIV-1 and HIV-2, indigenous diagnostic kits based on three different formats, namely ELISA, Western blot and rapid test have been developed and are being commercially produced by Indian industries. The factors influencing the successful transfer of laboratory-scale diagnostic assays from academia to industry and their commercial exploitation have been discussed. Indian scientists have made seminal contributions in exploring the possibility to develop an effective and safe contraceptive vaccine to control the increasing human population of India. Achieving contraception by means of vaccine is a novel approach, which entails generation of a specific antibody response against antigens critically involved in the process of mammalian reproduction. In India, three major programs on contraceptive vaccines based on the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin ((beta)hCG) for women, ovine follicle stimulating hormone (oFSH) for men, and riboflavin carrier protein for both males and females have been initiated. The work at the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi on contraceptive vaccine for women, based on (beta)hCG, has demonstrated, for the first time, that it is feasible to regulate fertility by such an approach. Basic research being carried out to achieve immunocontraception by interfering at sperm-oocyte interaction level has been briefly discussed. These developments are still at the research stage. In addition to advances in the area of contraceptive vaccines, a non-steroidal contraceptive oral pill has been developed by Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, commercially produced by two Indian pharmaceutical companies and has been incorporated in the National Family Welfare Program. Another interesting approach for fertility regulation in male has been developed in India, which involves vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) and is currently undergoing clinical trials in human subjects.
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PMID:Status of immunodiagnosis and immunocontraceptive vaccines in India. 1293 96

Operational feasibility and bio-efficacy of alphacypermethrin treated curtains was evaluated in slum settlements of Andrews Ganj, New Delhi. Jute curtains treated with alphacypermethrin @ 100 mg/m2 were fixed on windows, doors and eves before on set of transmission and evaluations were carried out for two years. Entomological evaluation revealed that jute curtains treated with alphacypermethrin in Slum-I resulted drastic reduction in daytime indoor resting mosquitoes such as An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus. Similarly, malaria incidence also reduced in the treated curtain used area when compared to that of in untreated curtain and without curtain areas. Bioassay tests on An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus showed that alphacypermethrin could produce > 70 per cent mortality up to six months in case of An. stephensi--a principal urban malaria vector and hence two rounds of treatment are sufficient in an year to protect inhabitants from malaria. The study indicates alphacypermethrin treated curtains could curtail malaria transmission in slum settlements and is operationally feasible in small houses and is also cost-effective.
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PMID:Operational feasibility and bio-efficacy of alphacypermethrin (Fendona) treated jute curtains to control urban malaria in a slum settlement of Delhi, India. 1468 14


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