Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In support of Operation Restore Hope, the United States military established a diagnostic laboratory for infectious diseases, the Joint Forward Laboratory, in Mogadishu, Somalia. Because sporadic hepatitis due to unknown causes was a frequent problem, staff members of the Joint Forward Laboratory evaluated 31 Somalis, five displaced Ethiopians, and three Western relief workers who had acute clinical hepatitis. Patients lived in multiple locations in Somalia--Mogadishu, Baidoa, and Merca--and became ill between December 1992 and February 1993. IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus was found in one English relief worker, and IgM antibody to hepatitis E virus was found in 20 (65%) of 31 Somalis, two (40%) of five Ethiopians, and two (67%) of three Western relief workers. No patient had evidence of acute hepatitis B, malaria, yellow fever, or other arbovirus infections. These data indicate that hepatitis E virus--the major cause of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis--was a common cause of acute sporadic hepatitis in Somalia during the initial stages of Operation Restore Hope.
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PMID:Threat of hepatitis E virus infection in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope. 805 16

Travel is not generally contraindicated during pregnancy, but there are some risks. The pregnant traveler needs a careful predeparture evaluation, and her itinerary should not take her far from available medical and obstetric care. The pregnant traveler must avoid diseases (such as malaria and hepatitis E) that can have devastating effects. Travel must be curtailed when there would be potential exposure to certain infectious diseases or extreme environmental conditions.
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PMID:Pregnancy and travel. 905 72

The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been examined in many countries, but such studies have generally been limited to majority populations such as those represented in healthy blood donors or cross sections of urban populations. Due to its major route of enteric transmission, large differences in HEV prevalence might be expected between populations in the same country but with different living conditions. Using an ELISA based on GST-ORF2.1 antigen, the prevalence of IgG-class antibodies to HEV was examined in three distinct populations in Malaysia: the normal (urban) blood donor population and two aboriginal communities located at Betau, Pahang and Parit Tanjung, Perak. IgG anti-HEV was detected in 45 (44%) of 102 samples from Betau and 15 (50%) of 30 samples from Parit Tanjung, compared to only 2 (2%) of 100 normal blood donors. The distribution of sample ELISA reactivities was also consistent with ongoing sporadic infection in the aboriginal communities, while there was no significant relationship between HEV exposure and age, sex, or malaria infection. The high prevalence of antibodies to HEV in the two aboriginal communities indicates that this group of people are at high risk of exposure to HEV compared to the general blood donors, and the results suggest that studies of HEV seroprevalence within countries must take into account the possibility of widely varying infection rates between populations with marked differences in living conditions.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in the normal blood donor population and two aboriginal communities in Malaysia. 1045 51

The objective of this study was to epidemiologically describe potential infectious agents among rural people in the Republic of Yemen. This would aid clinicians in designing empirical therapy and public health officials in planning disease prevention. We sought to examine evidence for the geographical distribution of pathogens causing human hepatic and splenic disease among villagers and domestic animals living in three remote areas with differing altitudes. In June 1992, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at three survey sites of differing altitudes: 3080, 1440 and 250 m above sea level. Questionnaires, parasitic and serological tests were administered to 627 human volunteers. Additionally 317 domestic animals were studied. Malaria, schistosomiasis, and hepatitis B and C infections were found to be likely causes of human hepatic or splenic disease. Additionally, evidence of human and animal infections with the agents of brucellosis and Q fever was found: IgG antibodies against hepatitis E virus were discovered in two (2.0%) of the 100 volunteers. The prevalence of markers for human and animal disease was often lowest at the village of highest elevation, suggesting that increasing altitude, as a surrogate or a true independent risk factor, was protective against infection with the agents studied.
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PMID:Remote village survey for agents causing hepatosplenic disease in the Republic of Yemen. 1057 34

The contribution of viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malaria to jaundice among pregnant women in Luanda, Angola, was studied. 20 pregnant women with jaundice (cases) were identified in 2 large maternity hospitals and compared with 40 pregnant women without jaundice (controls). Among the cases 6 patients died, whereas no death occurred in the control group (p < 0.001). Five spontaneous abortions and 6 stillbirths were also noted among the cases, implying foetal loss in 55% and stillbirth in 30%. One stillbirth was registered among control women. Of the cases 40% had anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies compared with 13% of the controls (p = 0.02). Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia occurred in 47.5% and 5% of cases and controls, respectively (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C or HIV among cases and controls. The carriership of hepatitis B surface antigen was 10% in both groups. In conclusion, jaundice during pregnancy is often associated with maternal mortality in Luanda, women suffering from jaundice during pregnancy have an extremely high case fatality rate, and P. falciparum and hepatitis E are associated with jaundice in the setting studied.
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PMID:Infectious aetiology of jaundice among pregnant women in Angola. 1295 53

Rapidly spreading infectious diseases are a serious risk to public health. The dynamics and the factors causing outbreaks of these diseases can be better understood using mathematical models, which are fit to data. Here we investigate the dynamics of a Hepatitis E outbreak in the Kitgum region of northern Uganda during 2007 to 2009. First, we use the data to determine that R0 is approximately 2.25 for the outbreak. Secondly, we use a model to estimate that the critical level of latrine and bore hole coverages needed to eradicate the epidemic is at least 16% and 17% respectively. Lastly, we further investigate the relationship between the co-infection factor for malaria and Hepatitis E on the value of R0 for Hepatitis E. Taken together, these results provide us with a better understanding of the dynamics and possible causes of Hepatitis E outbreaks.
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PMID:The dynamics, causes and possible prevention of Hepatitis E outbreaks. 2291 52

To summarize the literature regarding susceptibility of pregnant women to infectious diseases and severity of resulting disease, we conducted a review using a PubMed search and other strategies. Studies were included if they reported information on infection risk or disease outcome in pregnant women. In all, 1454 abstracts were reviewed, and a total of 85 studies were included. Data were extracted regarding number of cases in pregnant women, rates of infection, risk factors for disease severity or complications, and maternal outcomes. The evidence indicates that pregnancy is associated with increased severity of some infectious diseases, such as influenza, malaria, hepatitis E, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection (risk for dissemination/hepatitis); there is also some evidence for increased severity of measles and smallpox. Disease severity seems higher with advanced pregnancy. Pregnant women may be more susceptible to acquisition of malaria, HIV infection, and listeriosis, although the evidence is limited. These results reinforce the importance of infection prevention as well as of early identification and treatment of suspected influenza, malaria, hepatitis E, and HSV disease during pregnancy.
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PMID:Pregnancy and susceptibility to infectious diseases. 2393 59

Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to a number of infectious diseases, such as influenza, hepatitis E, malaria, and tuberculosis. The management of many other infections-including urinary tract infections, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted diseases-is also made more complex by pregnancy; even if some infections do not pose a great risk to the expectant mother, they can impact fetal and neonatal development, thus posing a treatment challenge to physicians. By focusing on the most important diseases that physicians may encounter in pregnant patients, this review outlines the challenges associated with managing important infectious diseases in the pregnant population and references the most recent evidence and international treatment guidelines.
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PMID:Clinical focus: infections in pregnancy. 2476 90

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis in developing countries; however, its contribution to acute jaundice syndrome is not well-described. A large outbreak of hepatitis E occurred in northern Uganda from 2007 to 2009. In response to this outbreak, acute jaundice syndrome surveillance was established in 10 district healthcare facilities to determine the proportion of cases attributable to hepatitis E. Of 347 acute jaundice syndrome cases reported, the majority (42%) had hepatitis E followed by hepatitis B (14%), malaria (10%), hepatitis C (5%), and other/unknown (29%). Of hepatitis E cases, 72% occurred in Kaboong district, and 68% of these cases occurred between May and August of 2011. Residence in Kaabong district was independently associated with hepatitis E (adjusted odds ratio = 13; 95% confidence interval = 7-24). The findings from this surveillance show that an outbreak and sporadic transmission of hepatitis E occur in northern Uganda.
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PMID:Hepatitis E as a cause of acute jaundice syndrome in northern Uganda, 2010-2012. 2544 37

BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of enterically acquired acute viral hepatitis worldwide with major prevalence in the developing countries. An increasing number of sporadic cases of acute HEV infection have also been found in developed countries, but there is still no role for HEV testing in cases of seronegative acute hepatitis in such nonendemic regions. CASE REPORT A 59-year-old male residing in the United States for seven months with a history of malaria treated one year ago presented with fatigue and cholestatic jaundice with very high bilirubin levels. Hepatitis A, B, and C viral serology along with other atypical infections were ruled out. No history of any kind of drug intake was reported. Liver biopsy was obtained and was suggestive of acute hepatitis. Eventually hepatitis E immunoglobulin M was checked and was found positive. The patient was treated with supportive care and improved gradually with normalization of liver function test in a few weeks. CONCLUSIONS Autochthonous HEV infection must be suspected in cases of acute viral hepatitis in developed countries. Timely detection of HEV infection is necessary, especially in immunocompromised patients, in whom treatment is required to eradicate the infection.
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PMID:A Case Report About the Most Common Yet Most Forgotten Hepatitis E. 2752 51


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