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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three cases of bilateral hydronephrosis from ureteropelvic obstruction in Nigerian children are presented. The unique association of this disease with congenital musculoskeletal disorders is shown in one of the cases. Frank haematuria was not a presenting complaint but presence of altered blood in urine described here as "Coca cola" coloured urine is common in all of the cases probably a feature of advanced disease process. Intermittent pyrexia mistaken for malaria in this environment and the tendency to mimic gastrointestinal disorders could lead to unnecessary delay in recognition of this disease. The morbidity attendant to operation on two compromised kidneys and the dangers posed by infection especially pseudomonas species have also been highlighted. The good reparative capacity of the kidneys in Young children enhance the chances of success in salvage operations on the kidney. Even though preoperative urinary tract infection may not be evident post operative infection often supervenes hence prophylactic antibiotics is to be recommended in this Surgery.
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PMID:Bilateral hydronephrosis from uretero-pelvic (U-P) obstruction: some clinico-pathological aspects. 184 2

After 1940, the number of splenectomies performed in the United States and elsewhere increased rapidly. Splenectomy for Banti's disease and malaria decreased gradually into disrepute. Removal of the spleen for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, congenital spherocytic anemia and acquired hemolytic anemia became accepted practice. However, debate still continues regarding the proper indications for splenectomy in Gaucher's disease, Felty's syndrome and leukemia.
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PMID:The spleen and splenectomy. 194 96

We compared the performance of six complement tests: electrophoresis, immunofixation, immunoelectrophoresis, and nephelometric quantifications of C3, C4, and C3d. We used 123 blood samples from 60 control subjects and 63 patients with immune complex diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, rheumatoid arthritis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, renal diseases, vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, Gram-negative bacteremia, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatic heart disease, malaria, and chronic active hepatitis. Immunofixation and quantification of C3d were better for detecting complement activation, their sensitivity rates (90.5% and 89.3%, respectively) being higher than those of the other tests studied. Immunofixation is a relatively simple and inexpensive test, provides good resolution of protein bands, and yields results that are easily quantified with a densitometer. Nephelometry of C3d provides more rapid and accurate quantitative results than immunofixation, but commercial reagents are not yet available. The causes of false-positive results in complement tests and the mechanisms of complement activation in AIDS are also discussed.
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PMID:Detection of complement activation in immune complex diseases: six methods compared. 294 96

Frank Hawking, in 1966 postulated that in synchronous malaria infections, the brief period of infectivity of gametocytes was timed to occur when the vector bites. Since this early work, numerous studies had contributed to confirm and explain this phenomenon with bird, rodent and primate Plasmodium. Data on the periodic production of gametocytes, the duration of their maturation, the effect of the schizogony on the infectivity and the circadian bioavailability of gametocytes provide some more informations on the periodic Plasmodium gametocyte infectivity to the vector. This paper is intended to be a review of contributions on the "Hawking phenomenon" and to summarize the principal causal hypotheses. The conclusion stresses the practical consequences for experimental studies and epidemiological surveys.
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PMID:Periodic infectivity of Plasmodium gametocytes to the vector. A review. 1041 84

Global immunization programmes have achieved some remarkable successes. In 1977, Frank Fenner's Commission declared smallpox to have been eradicated by an 11-year-long intensive campaign. The Expanded Programme on Immunization encompassed six important childhood vaccines and reached over three-quarters of the world's children. Polio eradication has gone remarkably well, with only 10 out of 200 countries reporting residual cases. But amidst all the good news, there is also bad news. Coverage is variable; infrastructure is crumbling; and newer vaccines are not being incorporated in many country programmes. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has introduced a new dynamic here. From their initial gift of $100 million in December 1998, their commitment to date is US$1.5 billion - and rising. At the centre is a Global Children's Vaccine Fund which permitted the launch, in January 2000, of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. This is targeted to the 74 poorest countries of the world and is designed to improve vaccination infrastructure, to purchase newer vaccines and to support research and development. Even before we know how successful this programme will be, it has had its imitators. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria borrowed many concepts from GAVI. The Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition announced in May 2002 does so as well, and is heavily supported by Gates. Highly effective parasite control programmes antedate all this but will be much strengthened. However, we still face a sizeable budgetary gap both for research and for bringing the best advances to all people who need them.
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PMID:Gates, GAVI, the glorious global funds and more: all you ever wanted to know. 1253 42

Frank Livingstone played a central role in defining the population genetics of the sickle cell mutation at position 6 of the human beta globin gene, the most famous amino acid substitution in evolutionary biology. Its discovery occurred at a time when traditional, 19th-century principles of natural selection were being joined with the newly discovered mechanics of DNA structure and protein synthesis to produce Neo-Darwinian theory. When combined with the epidemiology of malaria in Africa, differential mortality for both homozygotes, and the resulting advantage of the heterozygote, sickle cell became the classic balanced polymorphism. Human HLA-A has 237 molecular alleles. The histocompatibility system has as its primary function the presentation of peptides to T-cell receptors and plays an essential role in the immune system. Nearly all of the alleles are codominant and fully functional. Despite almost 30 years of disease-association studies with HLA-A, no convincing evidence has been found for differential fertility or mortality at this locus. Yet the dogma in the histocompatibility field is that this extensive human polymorphism is maintained by "balancing selection." Explaining HLA-A polymorphism is what one might call the sickle-cell-effect. This one mutation, coming as it did at the historical convergence of Darwinian theory and modern genetics, and carrying with it the strong relationship between mutation, disease, and allele frequency, has conditioned our discussion of human genetic variation and population genetics. Has the strength of this early idea made evolutionary biologists uncritical of systems like HLA-A and retarded the search for new mechanisms of molecular evolution? Is it now time to move away from a focus on mutation and polymorphism in evolutionary genetics and toward a systems theory that would explain the origin and evolution of hemoglobin and HLA-A and the biochemical pathways that surround them?
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PMID:The mind of primitive anthropologists: hemoglobin and HLA, patterns of molecular evolution. 1465 78

In one of the truly classic works in anthropological genetics, Frank Livingstone established the interrelationships between agriculture, mosquito ecology, malaria, and, consequently, the frequencies of sickle cell hemoglobin in West Africa. A major inference from Livingstone's study was the recency of malaria as a selective agent in human populations, only becoming significant after the adoption of agriculture in the last few thousand years. Clines of the abnormal hemoglobin alleles might therefore represent continuing waves of advance of adaptive alleles. In order to model the complex interaction of several hemoglobin alleles, selection, and gene flow spreading adaptive mutants, Livingstone turned to computer simulation. Numerous insights concerning the competitive increase of different alleles (hemoglobins S, C, and E and thalassemia), the rate of allele spread under different migration scenarios, including the potential importance of long-range migration, came out of these studies. These experiments also stimulated others to search for mechanisms that might increase the diffusion rate of hemoglobin variants, including kin-structured migration and epidemic disease selection. Recent molecular studies have substantiated major aspects of Livingstone's work (including the recent origin of falciparum malaria) and posed challenges to some of his assumptions (such as the number of mutations to hemoglobins S and E). But whatever the fate of his specific hypotheses, his emphasis on the interaction of genetics, ecology, and culture stands as a model for the anthropological approach to the understanding of human variation and evolution.
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PMID:Simulating hemoglobin history. 1465 80

We describe a rare case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) triggered by Plasmodium vivax infection. The patient developed thrombocytopenia and bleeding associated with three episodes of malaria, and became dependent on corticosteroid therapy. The mechanisms by which this parasite evokes thrombocytopenia remain obscure.
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PMID:Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura due to vivax malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. 1517 45

Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous of the four pathogenic malaria parasites of humans, is established in several endemic regions of the world. After a promising start, resistance has developed to disturbing extents in some areas, whereas in many regions it remains an effective drug. In this article, Frank Mockenhaupt reviews the factors that are likely to influence the development of mefloquine resistance, its possible mechanism and its geographical spread.
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PMID:Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. 1527 35

Causes of thrombocytopenia are diverse, and infection with plasmodia often brings about thrombocytopenia. Japan is not an endemic area of malaria infection at present and most cases are travelers to endemic areas. In some cases, initial clinical diagnoses may not be correct because of a variety of symptoms, physical findings and laboratory abnormalities. A 67-year-old female, who had traveled to South American countries 2 months before the onset of the disease, presented with a case of vivax malaria. Because of the patient's high fever, profound thrombocytopenia (1.5 x 10(4)/microl), and elevated platelet-associated IgG on admission, our initial diagnosis was acute type idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). However, we recognized her tertian fever and plasmodial vivax in erythrocytes 4 days later. She responded promptly to anti-parasitic therapy after diagnosis of malaria and her laboratory data also improved. Travel history is indicative of malaria infection in some cases with thrombocytopenia mimicking acute ITP.
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PMID:[Plasmodium vivax malaria with clinical presentation mimicking acute type idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]. 1717 88


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