Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty blood culture positive patients of typhoid fever were studied during the current outbreak of the disease for their clinical profile. In 39 (78%) cases the isolates of S. typhi were resistant to conventional drugs. Children below 2 years of age constituted 20% of the total cases and belonged exclusively to the group with multidrug resistant typhoid fever (MRTF). The clinical presentation seemed to mimic malaria, bronchopneumonia, meningitis, etc. Typhoid hepatitis was diagnosed in 2 cases with MRTF. Life threatening complications were seen in 28.2% patients and were observed exclusively in MRTF group.
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PMID:A clinical profile of multidrug resistant typhoid fever. 179 69

The results of medical examinations carried out on 212 missionary personnel from one missionary society returning on leave to the UK are presented. The great majority of missionaries worked in developing countries. They served in 27 countries altogether and for a total of 488 person years. The commonest illnesses reported overseas were malaria (87.3 per 1000 person years at risk), diarrhoea (63.5), anxiety (63.5), depression (41.0) and giardiasis (38.9). More illnesses were reported from West Africa (698 per 1000 person years at risk) than from any other region. Ten people (4.7%) were repatriated for health reasons and 10 relatives also returned as a consequence. Sixty per cent of those returning did so because of psychiatric illness. The highest rates of immunization achieved were for yellow fever (100% of those travelling to affected countries), tetanus (93%), polio (85%), typhoid (71%) and tuberculosis (53%). The results of urinalysis (100% of adults), full blood counts (78% of adults) and stool tests (74% of all people) are reported. The study shows that the history and psychiatric examination are an important part of the medical examination of people returning from overseas. Physical examination and urinalysis did not contribute much information, although the full blood count and absolute eosinophil count were useful tests.
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PMID:A survey of the health of British missionaries. 185 37

In 1985-1987 in Afghanistan 75 wounded, who at the same time had infectious diseases (benign tertian malaria, viral hepatitis, typhoid, dysentery, amebiasis), and 51 patients with gunshot wounds of soft tissues had a checkup and treatment. The control group was consisted of 54 sound volunteers. All the patients, 18-30 years old, male sex, were examined for the dynamics of general and special features of the wound process, hemogram and index of reactivity (Rotter-Kavetsky test). It was found out that in the indicated conditions the process of healing of tissue was worsening considerably because of the infection, off syndrome of the reciprocal aggravation arose. The qualitative initial surgical treatment of wounds, influence upon the reactivity of the organism, opportune diagnosis and treatment of the infectious diseases promote the shortening and improve the outcome of illness.
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PMID:[The clinical characteristics of combat injuries against a background of infections]. 201 62

International mass travel poses a challenge to our knowledge about health problems outside the Western World. Although infections dominate among imported diseases, the risk of contracting such illness is often exaggerated. Hence, medical examination of subjectively healthy persons after travelling abroad is rarely warranted, but should be offered adopted children and refugees from developing countries. Among the imported diseases, malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis should always be considered in cases of fever. Other commonly imported diseases include gastroenteritis, hepatitis, infections of skin and soft tissues, and sexually transmitted infections. Reference is made to some courses offering further education in the field of imported health problems.
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PMID:[Imported health problems]. 204 37

Health care in Nicaragua has drastically deteriorated since the United Opposition (UNO) came to power in April of 1990. During the previous decade, when the Sandinistas were in power, Nicaragua saw vast improvement in primary health care. The number of auxiliary health workers, including birth attendants and hygiene and nutrition advisors, increased significantly. With the aid of volunteers, vaccination campaigns succeeded in eradicating polio and in greatly reducing the incidence of measles, tetanus, and typhoid. Malaria and diphtheria were also drastically reduced. But these days, vaccination campaigns have failed to take place or to reach the intended audience, and health clinics have been short on supplies. As a result, the last 6 months have seen a recurrence of all the diseases, some in the form of epidemics. As the new Nicaraguan health minister, Dr. Salmeron, explains, 1300 children have died over the last 8 months due to an outbreak of measles. Furthermore, he says, many more children are ill due to a lack of inoculation or oral rehydration solutions. Salmeron, a middle-of-the-road private practitioner, has been critical of the new government's health policies. The government has said it will close local clinics so that it can concentrate health care in 12 "centers of excellence" -- but these hospitals have yet to appear. Furthermore, not only has the Chamorro government failed in its pledge to bring inflation down to 0, it hasn't been able to stop it from climbing to 100%.month. Health authorities have not received their monthly budgets, there are medicine and supply shortages, and patients are having to share beds. As Salmeron points out, the new government is abandoning one of the most successful health care systems in the Third World.
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PMID:Whither Nicaragua? 226 27

In the last 2 years, there has been public panic across Nigeria about an epidemic of a 'killer' febrile disease, purportedly typhoid fever. The evidence for this epidemic is reviewed in the light of appropriate diagnosis of typhoid fever. All the patients were diagnosed as typhoid fever, primarily based on Widal test results. Investigations in the hospital of 15 patients confirmed malaria in 70% who, though failing to respond to chloroquine, promptly responded to treatment with Fansidar (sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine). Fever in the remaining 30%, without evidence of malaria and who failed to respond to chloroquine, Fansidar and antibacterials including chloramphenicol, remitted spontaneously. The merits and limitations of the Widal test are discussed. It is concluded that diagnosis of typhoid fever by the Widal test alone is prone to error, and that any claims of a typhoid fever epidemic in Nigeria remain mere conjecture. Misuse of the Widal test and, subsequently, misuse of the antibiotic chloramphenicol, should be very strongly condemned.
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PMID:Diagnosis of typhoid fever in Nigeria: misuse of the Widal test. 206 45

In Germany, the last period of the Second World War and the following years were characterized by deficiencies of hygiene which had not occurred previously in Middle Europe during the 20th century. There were focuses of typhus, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and meningitis. Insufficiencies in the removal of faeces caused high incidences of shigellosis, hepatitis A, and ascariasis. As a result of insufficient body care, many people were infested with fleas, lice and scabies. The migration of large proportions of the population resulted in an increasing prevalence of syphilis an gonorrhea. As the population resettled, the first steps towards reorganization of public health could be done. The spread of typhoid fever was controlled by drinking-water disinfection with chlorine, repair of sewage systems, and patient isolation. The application of DDT helped to reduce scabies and pediculosis, resulting in decreasing typhus risks. During the first two decades after the war, there was a steady decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases. The reconstruction of the towns resulted in improved housing conditions and a decreasing number of persons per housing area, reducing the intensity of physical contacts of the inhabitants with each other. The nutrition and clothing situation of the population improved, which, in addition to a general rise of the standards of hygiene, brought about an increase of the individual resistance to infection. A further reduction of sporadic and epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases was achieved by the introduction of chemotherapy and antibiotics. Increasing prosperity was accompanied by new problems of hygiene. Infectious diseases almost eradicated in West Germany, were imported by air travellers. Ten imported cases of smallpox were reported between 1957 and 1972, eight of which originated from Southeast Asia. Malaria, imported by German and foreign soldiers, had not been uncommon after the end of the war but had been easy to control by insecticides and antimalarials. As tourism expanded, a new wave of imported malaria cases was reported. In West Germany there is, however, no more spread of the disease under present conditions, cholera caused similar problems. The 1961 cholera epidemic started in Southeast Asia and caused minor outbreaks in Mediterranean countries like Italy and Spain. A significant spread of the disease throughout Europe was prevented by generally high standards of drinking water and sewage treatment. Sporadic cases of typhoid fever were imported from countries with low standards of hygiene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The success of hygiene in the last 40 years]. 250 Jul 98

Nearly 40 million journeys abroad were recorded from the Federal Republic of Germany last year. 60-70% of travellers going to southern countries seek medical advice for preventive measures, particularly in Public Health centres. Inquiries for vaccinations are prevalent. Current aspects of immunization against yellow fever, cholera, tetanus, polio, typhoid fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, rabies meningococcal meningitis, European tick-borne encephalitis, measles and tuberculosis are discussed. Finally, some remarks on malaria prevention, hygiene, health insurance and information services are given in brief.
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PMID:[Preventive health care in travel, especially vaccinations]. 253 28

In a 5-month study of Salmonella septicaemias in Kenyan children carried out during the annual peak infection period, Salmonella typhimurium septicaemias occurred seven times more frequently than typhoid or other non-typhoid infections. Salmonella typhimurium infections were predominantly community acquired, malnourished infants from rural malaria endemic areas with poor water supply were especially vulnerable. Typical clinical features of fever, diarrhoea, and severe anaemia resembled P. falciparum malaria which often co-existed. Mortality was 18 per cent. Isolates exhibited a wide range of multidrug resistance. Typhoid affected older children, was less severe and drug sensitive.
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PMID:Salmonella septicaemias in Kenyan children. 265 90

Sera from 339 adult febrile patients in Pakistan were tested for antibodies to Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide by indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and IgM capture ELISA. A total of 55 patients had S. typhi cultured from their blood, 20 had S. typhi cultured from their stool, 24 were blood or stool culture positive for S. paratyphi A, 41 were culture negative but clinically diagnosed as having enteric fever, 41 had gastrointestinal or urinary tract infections, 41 were clinically diagnosed as having malaria, 20 were smear-positive patients with malaria, 58 had respiratory infections, and the remaining 39 individuals were placed in a miscellaneous group who did not have Salmonella infection. The sensitivities of the indirect IgG ELISA, indirect IgM ELISA, and IgM capture ELISA determined with specimens obtained from the blood culture-positive patients with typhoid fever (positive controls) were 80, 64, and 62%, respectively. The specificities of the assays determined with sera from the patients with respiratory infections (negative controls) were 95, 95, and 97%, respectively. The percentage of smear-positive patients with malaria who were positive by these assays was lower than that in the negative control group. The percentages of individuals in the other patient categories who were positive by these tests were between those obtained with the positive and negative controls. Of the positive controls, 26 were positive by both IgM assays, 9 were IgM positive only by indirect ELISA, and 8 were IgM positive only by IgM capture ELISA. A total of 70% of the positive control patients who were tested for O agglutinins by the Widal tube agglutination assay were positive; however, 29% of the negative control patients were also positive. The indirect IgG ELISA was the single most effective test for the serodiagnosis of typhoid fever in this population.
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PMID:Indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and IgM capture ELISA for detection of antibodies to lipopolysaccharide in adult typhoid fever patients in Pakistan. 275 2


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