Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

ELISA AND IFAT have been applied to the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis and the levels of leishmanial antibody detected by Leishmania donovani antigens in both tests have been compared. From the results it appears that ELISA is a little more sensitive than IFAT, but IFAT seems to be more specific in detecting leishmanial antibodies. In both tests reactions between leishmanial antigen and some other infections, such as malaria and typhoid, were observed. These non-specific reactions reduce the validity of both tests, especially ELISA, in the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis but, in visceral leishmaniasis, the leishmanial antibody levels were high enough to be unaffected by non-specific reactions. In general, ELISA is as good as IFAT and more practical in the sero-diagnosis and mass screening surveys for kala-azar.
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PMID:A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test in the sero-diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. 38 70

The official notifications of the Department of Health pertaining to typhoid fever, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis and malaria are reviewed. Major findings of the epidemiological analysis of the data include the need for establishing the exact mode of transmission of typhoid, the need for assessing upper and lower limits of the expected case load in respect of tuberculosis over the next 5--10 years, the demonstration of the dramatic decline in the number of cases of poliomyelitis and the equally dramatic upsurge of malaria in 1977 and 1978. The need for an integrated, responsive and fully co-ordinated epidemiological service for the Republic of South Africa is emphasized.
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PMID:Trends in four major communicable diseases. 46 49

Various workers, including T. D. Stewart, claim that the aboriginal Americas were relatively disease-free because of the bering Strait cold-screen, eliminating many pathogens, and the paucity of zoonotic infections because of few domestic animals. Evidence of varying validity suggests that precontact Americns had their own strains of treponemic infections, bacillary and amoebic dysenteries, influenza and viral penumonia and other respiratory diseases, salmonellosis and perhaps other food poisoning, various arthritides, some endoparasites such as the ascarids, and several geographically circumscribed diseases such as the rickettsial verruca (Carrion's disease) and New World leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Questionably aboriginal are tuberculosis and typhus. Accordingly, virtually all the "crowd-type" ecopathogenic diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, typhoid, malaria, measles, pertussis, polio, etc., appear to have been absent from the New World, and were only brought in by White conquerors and their Black slaves. My hypothesis is that native American medical care systems--especially in the more culturally advanced areas--were sufficiently sophisticated to deal with native disease entities with reasonable competence. But native medical systems could not cope with the "crowd-type" disease imports that struck Indian and Eskimos as "virgin-field" populations. Reanalysis of native population losses through a genocidal combination of diease, war, slavery and attendant cultural disruption by Dobyns, Cook and others strongly suggest that traditiona estimates underplayed the death toll by a factor of the general order of ten. This would make for an immediately pre-contact Indian population of some 90-111 million instead of the tradition 8-11 million. Evidence is growing that Indians may have been no more susceptible to new pathogens that are other "virgin soil" populations, and thus their immune systems need not be considered less effective than those in other people. Present-day high mortality rates in Indians of both continents from infectious disease imports may be more socioeconomic than anything else.
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PMID:Aboriginal new world epidemiolgy and medical care, and the impact of Old World disease imports. 79 20

The hepatic manifestations were studied in 65 patients having uncomplicated primary attacks of vivax and falciparum malaria. Hepatomegaly due to a "non-specific reactive hepatitis" occurred in 57% of cases. Jaundice occurred in 15% of patients and was invariably associated with hepatomegaly. The clinical syndromes of jaundice and hepatomegaly in uncomplicated primary attacks of malaria have to be distinguished from those related to disorders like viral hepatitis, hepatic amoebiasis, typhoid hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis and Q fever. The causes for the jaundice and the pathogenesis for the hepatic lesions have been discussed.
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PMID:Jaundice and hepatomegaly in primary malaria. 79 14

Ninety-seven Nigerian children under 5 years of age had typhoid or paratyphoid fever proved by blood culture. The presented with fever, anaemia, gastrointestinal or neurological disturbances, and typhoid and paratyphoid appeared clinically indistinguishible. In this holoendemic malarial area, malaria was the most important differential diagnosis, and may have contributed to the concomitant anaemia seen in the majority of patients. Despite vigorous therapy with chloramphenicol or trimethoxazole, and blood transfusion where indicated, the mortality in both typhoid and paratyphoid was high (18% in both groups).
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PMID:Enteric fever in young Yoruba children. 80 67

Great streams of tourists flow every year from the Federal Republic to southern countries. The danger of infection with serious tropical diseases such as smallpox, cholera or leprosy is fairly small, statistically speaking. Even exotic parasitoses merit only individual medical interest in the majority of cases. Of greater importance are the cosmopolitan infectious diseases such as typhoid fever, paratyphoid, salmonella enteritis, poliomyelitis, viral hepatitides which are transmitted orally and altogether are imported in no small numbers. The alteration of the mode of living caused by the holiday and frequently a false confidence in the hygienic conditions favor the infection. Almost independent of the behavior of the tourists are the infections produced by insect bites, such as malaria or the leishmaniases, which often end fatally for lack of recognition. Here, a better enlightment of the travelers, the use of prophylactic agents and improvement of diagnosis must be instituted.
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PMID:[Tourism and risk of infection (author's transl)]. 82 9

Statistics of notifiable diseases in South Africa during the period 1971-1974 are presented, with brief comments on tuberculosis, typhoid fever and malaria.
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PMID:Notifications of diseases in the Republic of South Africa, 1971-1974. 93 90

An outline is given of the pattern of communicable disease in the South Pacific, as far as it is known. Surveillance and research are imcomplete and the World Health Organization is assisting in carrying these out. Reporting and laboratory diagnosis of communicable disease are inadequate and sometimes inaccurate. This is being improved. Medical checks for intending migrants from the South Pacific are, in a number of cases, inadequately performed in the country of origin and this situation should be altered. The risks to surrounding developed countries from migrants, temporary workers and returning travellers are not tremendous but they cannot be neglected and vigilance has to be maintained. Tuberculosis importation does present risks, as does that of typhoid. Malaria importation carries risks for Northern Australia. Leprosy poses little real risk to Australia or New Zealand and neither does filariasis. Cholera would have to be watched for closely should there ever be a South Pacific outbreak, but the developed countries around the South Pacific which are cholera-non-receptive can control occasional cases. Other than malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid and possibly dengue, problems are thus mainly in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals.
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PMID:Communicable disease in the South Pacific Islands, 1. 100 33

A prospective study was made in 283 patients who attended IMAN's Children's Hospital, with fever the main symptom. A clinical and paraclinical procedure was designed for the study of each patient. 112 patients were eliminated because they did not follow the established criteria. All patients had acute infectious diseases considered trivial; 85% were 3 weeks to 2 years of age. They all had an antibacterial treatment without precise diagnosis. It was considered that on admission the patients showed a normal course in the natural history of the basic disease. The study group included 171 patients 2 months to 13 years of age; 62.5% had fever due to infection, 12.2% to collagenopathies, 7% to neoplasias 5.2% to miscellaneous causes and 12.8% were not diagnosed. The most common infectious causes for prolonged fever were tuberculosis, upper respiratory infections, amoebic liver abscess, typhoid fever and malaria. Careful questioning and clinical examination were enough to enlighten diagnosis in more than 80% of the patients.
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PMID:[Prospective study of patients with prolonged fever]. 108 38

The objective of this study was to determine which clinical features of typhoid and malaria are most helpful in distinguishing the two diseases among Papua New Guinean highlanders. In a study of 35 patients with culture-positive typhoid and 49 with blood-slide-positive malaria (Group 1), the odds of typhoid were increased most in patients with altered bowel habit, an illness of more than 2 week's duration, tremor or the presence of typhoid facies. The odds of typhoid were lowest in patients with pallor or jaundice. These findings were used to derive a clinical diagnostic algorithm, which was then evaluated in a further group of 34 typhoid patients and 41 malaria patients (Group 2). The sensitivity of the algorithm in diagnosing malaria was 91% in Group 1 and 71% in Group 2, with specificities of 85% and 79% respectively. For typhoid, the sensitivity of the algorithm was 85% and 79% for Groups 1 and 2, respectively, and the specificities were 91% and 71%. We conclude that the algorithm merits further evaluation in a primary health care setting and may prove useful in making an earlier diagnosis of typhoid.
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PMID:An algorithm for the clinical differentiation of malaria and typhoid: a preliminary communication. 134 Oct 91


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