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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Within a 2 month period 131 Ethiopian immigrants were admitted for treatment at a general hospital in Jerusalem. There were 52 patients with malaria, 13 with typhoid fever, 24 with pneumonia, seven with tuberculosis, nine with shigella and 11 with campylobacter. Over three-quarters of these patients were anaemic. In the majority of cases anaemia was normocytic and was most probably secondary to malaria and other intercurrent infections. The prevalence of diffuse non-toxic goitre was 7% in children and 19% in adults with a male to female ratio of 4:13. A positive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test was found in 4% of sera tested and a positive HBsAg in 13%. IgG antibodies to HBc antigen were found in 75% of subjects. All patients with infectious diseases responded to therapy and, despite their poor condition at arrival, there were no fatalities and no late sequelae. The high HBsAg carrier state calls attention to the risk of vertical transmission by infected mothers and underlines the need for active immunization of infants at risk. The high prevalence of untreated tuberculosis and malaria poses a potential public health hazard, but with the current systematic screening of this population leading to identification and effective treatment of affected subjects, chances for the practical eradication of malaria and tuberculosis are excellent. Finally, the large scale transfer of a population from rural Africa to a modern and largely urban society presents a unique opportunity for a prospective study of the impact of environment on the emergence of diseases which plague modern society such as diabetes, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, hypertension and cancer.
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PMID:Medical problems in Ethiopian refugees airlifted to Israel: experience in 131 patients admitted to a general hospital. 346 61

Thirteen cases of amyloidosis are reported from Vanuatu between 1983 and 1985. There appears to be a high incidence of the disease similar to that found in Papua New Guinea. The role of malaria as an aetiological agent is discussed although most cases had a history of past or active tuberculosis. Most patients presented as either nephrotic syndrome or a syndrome of abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss and proteinuria.
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PMID:Amyloidosis in Vanuatu. 361 94

A comparison of pregnancy course and outcome between 648 Hmong refugee women and 5278 non-Hmong controls, all of whom delivered at a Minnesota medical center in 1976-83, indicated that Hmong women were 5 times as likely to have a history of previous perinatal loss. In terms of demographic factors, Hmong women were more likely to be age 35 years or above at delivery (14% versus 2% among controls), to be grant multiparas (33% versus 3% among controls), and to be married (95% versus 61% among controls). While 59% of controls began prenatal care during the 1st trimester, only 16% of Hmong women fell into this category and 31% delayed receiving care until the 3rd trimester. A review of the obstetric histories revealed that 18.1% of Hmong women compared with 3.7% of controls had experienced 1 or more previous perinatal loss. Medical conditions found with significant frequency in the Hmong population included anemia, tuberculosis, malaria, and parasitic infestations. Preeclampsia, hypertension, diabetes, urinary and vaginal infections, and gonorrhea occurred less frequently among Hmong women than among controls. Moreover, the incidence of premature rupture of the membranes was only 4.2% among Hmong women compared to 11.8% among controls. The prematurity rate was 48.5/1000 in the study group and 117/1000 in controls; in addition, only 7.8% of Hmong infants compared to 10.9% of control infants were low birthweight (under 2500 grams). The perinatal mortality rate was similar in both groups: 14.6/1000 among Hmong infants and 15.0/1000 among controls. Contraception was accepted by 50% of the Hmong mothers, but under 10% remained users 12 months after delivery and 27% were pregnant again. The generally good pregnancy outcomes recorded among these Hmong women despite the existence of numerous high-risk factors--short stature, advanced maternal age, grand multiparity, late prenatal care, and poor nutrition--is surprising. It appears that relocation to the US has enabled this population to overcome the factors that contributed to their previous high rates of perinatal loss.
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PMID:Pregnancy in Hmong refugee women. 369 14

Eighty cases of fever of undetermined origin seen at Dallas VAMC from 1979 to 1985 were analyzed. Infectious etiology was the cause in one half, with equal numbers of localized infections or systemic infections. In contrast to older series, viral infections were frequently seen, but tuberculosis and malaria were less commonly noted. Solid tumors were the most frequently diagnosed non-infectious cause of fever. Fevers secondary to malignancy commonly responded to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Patterns of illness were helpful in defining certain diseases such as adult Still's disease and polymyalgia rheumatica. Diagnostic tests of value are discussed.
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PMID:Fever of undetermined origin: not what it used to be. 371 5

Tuberculin tests were carried out on 400 adults with established tuberculosis and 200 apparently healthy adults. There was no significant difference in the tuberculin reactivity amongst those tuberculous patients who were clinically in a poor state and the control group. On the other hand the former reacted less than those tuberculous patients whose general physical state was normal and the difference was significant. Overall 23.75% of the tuberculous patients had negative reactions. Women were less reactive than men. The tuberculin allergy decreased with both age and the extent of tuberculous disease. There was no significant variation in the diameter of the skin test as a function of the number of Koch's bacilli. In tuberculous lymphadenopathy we noted a stronger allergy than in tuberculous disease of other parts of the body. There is a positive correlation between the tuberculin reaction and the Serum Albumin level. Associated morbidity (eg infestations, anaemia, malaria, intestinal schistosomiasis and malnutrition) reduce the tuberculin reaction. These observations reduce the diagnostic value of the intra-dermal tuberculin reaction in our environment.
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PMID:[Diagnostic value of the intradermal tuberculin reaction in the adult, in Zaire]. 372 66

Public health concern in relation to refugees arriving in New South Wales is due to the high prevalence of tuberculosis, syphilis and hepatitis B infection in some refugee groups. Other infectious diseases (with the exception of malaria in the Northern Territory and Queensland) do not pose a significant threat to public health owing to their low prevalence (which may result from overseas screening and treatment) and/or low infectivity in Australian conditions. Because of overseas screening by the Commonwealth Government before the departure of the refugees, it was uncommon in 1984 for previously undetected tuberculosis to be detected when refugees were screened on arrival in Sydney (found in only one in 800 refugees who underwent screening). However, of the refugees in Sydney who had positive results of serological tests for syphilis, a substantial proportion (at times in excess of 50%) had had a negative result at the overseas screening; subsequent follow-up of those with positive serological results indicated inactive disease in almost all cases. There is a need to monitor the infectious disease prevalence and the effectiveness of overseas screening of refugees by on-arrival screening; decisions about screening procedures and the selection of particular incoming refugee groups for screening should be based on sound epidemiological and clinical analysis.
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PMID:A review of refugee medical screening in New South Wales. 379 4

The characteristics of AIDS in Africa differ sharply from those in North America with respect to diagnosis and epidemiology, and in a clinical sense. The study of 78 patients treated in Kinshasa, Zaire during the period of October 1983-July 1984 yielded the following results: 159 out of a total of 1051 hospitalized patients were suspected of having AIDS, and there were 78 proven cases (54 of them died). The average age of 40 women and 38 men was 27 and 31 years, respectively, and the ratio of married people was 35% and 74%, respectively, with a lot of men living in polygamous relationships. In the first stage of the disease weight loss appeared in 100%, recurrent diarrhea in 83.3%, significant loss of strength in 75.6%, febrile conditions in 68.3%, and skin lesions in 58.9%. The ratio of men to women was 5:5, since heterosexuality and polygamy prevailed. Cigarette smoking was the main addition, thus drug addition per se did not appear as a risk factor. Blood transfusions occurred frequently (for instance, in malaria), but hemophilic patients receiving lyophilized preparations were rare. Haitians visited in fairly large numbers after the 1960's propagating the risk of AIDS. Black Africans accounted for 100% of cases. The number of concomitant, opportunistic diseases in AIDS patients in Zaire were: 34 cases of tuberculosis, 32 cases of candidiasis, 30 fungal infections, 21 Herpes labialis and/or genitalis, 19 cases of dermal and cerebral cryptococcosis, 12 cases of cryptosporidiosis, 9 cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, 5 cases of Herpes zoster, 3 cases of aseptic cerebral infections, 3 cases of coccidiosis, 2 cases of toxoplasmosis, and 1 case of pneumonia (Pneumocystis). Tuberculosis, cryptococcosis, cryptosporidiosis, and toxicosis were more frequent opportunistic diseases in Zaire than in the U.S.A., while pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis and Kaposi's sarcoma were relatively rare.
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PMID:[Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the African environment]. 382 54

A 70 million population for Malaysia by the year 2010 has been officially targeted for in the mid-term review of the Fourth Malaysia Plan, 1981-1985. In response to this, a preliminary investigation was undertaken into the health aspects of population growth; infant mortality rates are used as the health indicators. In recognition of the relevance of the medical, economic, and education factors to health, trends in Malaysia's population ratio, per capita gross national product (GNP), and rates of school enrollment are also drawn. The characteristics associated with low mortality and high life expectancy are identified as low population growth, high literacy, and high per capita GNP. Whatever the ideology--Malthusian or Marxist--there is no doubt that population is closely linked to development variables, of which health is a part. Linear regressions on West Malaysian trends show a very high correlation between percent school enrollment and number of medical doctors. Selected cross-country comparisons show that the real issue is not the size of the population but its pace of growth and the social and economic climate at the time. The most dramatic reduction in mortalities from 1957-1980 has been for infant mortality rates (IMR), which have fallen from 76 to 25/1000 live births. Significant control over IMRs has been achieved by effective treatment of malaria, smallpox, tuberculosis, whooping cough, and diarrheal diseases. Attempting a prediction on health outcome at population 70 million, various health statistics from selected countries near that population size were compiled. It is apparent that certain relevant features are associated with low infant mortalities and high life expectancy at birth: 1) low population growth rates, crude birth rates, and fertility; 2) high literacy rates; and 3) high per capita GNP. Overall, health improved for the nation as a whole, and this is highly correlated with school enrollment and health service ratios.
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PMID:Population 70 million: a consideration of health aspects. 383 89

A variety of known or suspected inducers of crisis form parasites in cultivated Plasmodium falciparum were examined. Sera from Sudanese residents of malaria-endemic areas, sera from American tuberculosis patients, and rabbit sera containing tumor necrosis factor were assayed in vitro for cytotoxic activities against P. falciparum and mouse L-M cell cultures. Inhibition was determined by measurement of incorporation of radiolabeled nucleic acid precursors. When compared to normal serum, parasites grown in the presence of a 1:4 dilution of rabbit sera containing tumor necrosis factor, TB patient sera, or Sudanese sera were metabolically inhibited 73%, 75%, and 95%, respectively. However, only the rabbit sera containing tumor necrosis factor were cytotoxic to L-M cells, inhibiting radiolabel incorporation by 80% at a 1:1,000 serum dilution. These findings suggest that tumor necrosis factor is apparently not responsible for the induction of parasite crisis forms by the inhibitory human sera tested. In addition, human gamma-interferon had no effect on parasite growth.
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PMID:Comparison of inducers of crisis forms in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. 392 59

During 1984, 23 patients in whom a diagnosis of viral haemorrhagic fever was considered presented to the accident and emergency department at St Thomas's Hospital. There were no confirmed cases of viral haemorrhagic fever. Nine patients were transferred to Coppett's Wood Hospital, the nearest specially designated high security isolation unit. Malaria was the final diagnosis in 14, and in six this diagnosis was confirmed only after examining repeated smears at Coppett's Wood Hospital. Transferral of patients to such units is time consuming, expensive, and often unnecessary. Specially designated isolation units in district general hospitals and all teaching hospitals would simplify and improve the care not only of patients with a possible viral haemorrhagic fever but also patients with tuberculosis, multiply resistant staphylococcal infections, and viral infections that may be hazardous if transmitted to immunocompromised patients.
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PMID:Patients with suspected Lassa fever in London during 1984: problems in their management at St Thomas's Hospital. 393 48


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