Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article describes the major activities carried out since 1959 in the field of pediatrics and child care in Cuba. In particular, it notes the improvements made through establishment of a national health system and through the participation of community organizations (the Federation of Cuban Women, Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, associations of small farmers, and trade unions) and shows how perinatal, infant, and childhood mortality have been significantly reduced. As of 1973 perinatal mortality had fallen to 27.9 deaths per 1,000 live births, infant mortality to 27.4 deaths per 1,000 live births, preschool mortality to 1.2 per 1,000 children, and school-age mortality, to 0.4 per 1,000 children. This report also cites data on available physical and manpower resources, and outlines a large range of activities linked to a Comprehensive Child Care Program undertaken in 1967. This program, in which newborns are enrolled upon leaving the maternity, seeks to encourage breast-feeding, to promote the activities of well-baby clinics, to provide special examinations for malnourished infants, to provide health care for preschool and school-age children, to promote pediatric medical visits to the home, to assist with camps for asthmatic and diabetic children, to provide pediatric services at pioneer and other camps for schoolchildren, to carry out health education activities, and to combat communicable disease. In particular, activites to prevent communicable disease appear responsible for a good part of the progress achieved to date. As a result of these activities malaria and diphtheria have been eradicated, poliomyelitis has been overcome, and the incidences of tuberculosis, tuberculous meningitis, tetanus (among both newborns and children under 15), and acute diarrheal disease have been substantially reduced.
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PMID:Advances in pediatrics and child care in Cuba, 1959-1974. 77 91

Various workers, including T. D. Stewart, claim that the aboriginal Americas were relatively disease-free because of the bering Strait cold-screen, eliminating many pathogens, and the paucity of zoonotic infections because of few domestic animals. Evidence of varying validity suggests that precontact Americns had their own strains of treponemic infections, bacillary and amoebic dysenteries, influenza and viral penumonia and other respiratory diseases, salmonellosis and perhaps other food poisoning, various arthritides, some endoparasites such as the ascarids, and several geographically circumscribed diseases such as the rickettsial verruca (Carrion's disease) and New World leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Questionably aboriginal are tuberculosis and typhus. Accordingly, virtually all the "crowd-type" ecopathogenic diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, typhoid, malaria, measles, pertussis, polio, etc., appear to have been absent from the New World, and were only brought in by White conquerors and their Black slaves. My hypothesis is that native American medical care systems--especially in the more culturally advanced areas--were sufficiently sophisticated to deal with native disease entities with reasonable competence. But native medical systems could not cope with the "crowd-type" disease imports that struck Indian and Eskimos as "virgin-field" populations. Reanalysis of native population losses through a genocidal combination of diease, war, slavery and attendant cultural disruption by Dobyns, Cook and others strongly suggest that traditiona estimates underplayed the death toll by a factor of the general order of ten. This would make for an immediately pre-contact Indian population of some 90-111 million instead of the tradition 8-11 million. Evidence is growing that Indians may have been no more susceptible to new pathogens that are other "virgin soil" populations, and thus their immune systems need not be considered less effective than those in other people. Present-day high mortality rates in Indians of both continents from infectious disease imports may be more socioeconomic than anything else.
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PMID:Aboriginal new world epidemiolgy and medical care, and the impact of Old World disease imports. 79 20

Increasing travel, migration and other forms of international exchange have given a new importance to imported diseases in Canada. This is reflected in the maintenance of an immigration medical screening program, the development of specialized clinics in major cities, increasing interest in tropical medicine and international health, and the designation of a national reference centre for parasitology.The introduction of a point system for immigration selection in 1967 gave rise to a burgeoning influx of people from developing countries that may have plateaued only within the past year. While tuberculosis is probably the single most important health problem in immigration, parasitic infections are of increasing concern. The popularity of overseas travel among Canadians is now also a major factor in the introduction of exotic diseases into Canada. Importation of disease by international trade is far less common than by travel and immigration.On a community health scale a system of monitoring trends of immigration to Canada and travel of Canadians to and from countries with a known risk would likely provide the best indicator of trends in disease importation. Thus, there was an increase of almost threefold (11.6% to 31.1%) between 1965 and 1975 in the proportion of immigration to Canada from countries with a malaria risk and a 2.78-fold increase between 1967 and 1974 in the overall amount of Canadian travel to such countries from which statistics were available.
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PMID:Imported diseases: an assessment of trends. 88 May 26

Statistics of notifiable diseases in South Africa during the period 1971-1974 are presented, with brief comments on tuberculosis, typhoid fever and malaria.
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PMID:Notifications of diseases in the Republic of South Africa, 1971-1974. 93 90

An outline is given of the pattern of communicable disease in the South Pacific, as far as it is known. Surveillance and research are imcomplete and the World Health Organization is assisting in carrying these out. Reporting and laboratory diagnosis of communicable disease are inadequate and sometimes inaccurate. This is being improved. Medical checks for intending migrants from the South Pacific are, in a number of cases, inadequately performed in the country of origin and this situation should be altered. The risks to surrounding developed countries from migrants, temporary workers and returning travellers are not tremendous but they cannot be neglected and vigilance has to be maintained. Tuberculosis importation does present risks, as does that of typhoid. Malaria importation carries risks for Northern Australia. Leprosy poses little real risk to Australia or New Zealand and neither does filariasis. Cholera would have to be watched for closely should there ever be a South Pacific outbreak, but the developed countries around the South Pacific which are cholera-non-receptive can control occasional cases. Other than malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid and possibly dengue, problems are thus mainly in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals.
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PMID:Communicable disease in the South Pacific Islands, 1. 100 33

A prospective study was made in 283 patients who attended IMAN's Children's Hospital, with fever the main symptom. A clinical and paraclinical procedure was designed for the study of each patient. 112 patients were eliminated because they did not follow the established criteria. All patients had acute infectious diseases considered trivial; 85% were 3 weeks to 2 years of age. They all had an antibacterial treatment without precise diagnosis. It was considered that on admission the patients showed a normal course in the natural history of the basic disease. The study group included 171 patients 2 months to 13 years of age; 62.5% had fever due to infection, 12.2% to collagenopathies, 7% to neoplasias 5.2% to miscellaneous causes and 12.8% were not diagnosed. The most common infectious causes for prolonged fever were tuberculosis, upper respiratory infections, amoebic liver abscess, typhoid fever and malaria. Careful questioning and clinical examination were enough to enlighten diagnosis in more than 80% of the patients.
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PMID:[Prospective study of patients with prolonged fever]. 108 38

A glycoconjugate antigen of 27-39 kDa was isolated from a cell-free extract of Leishmania donovani by affinity chromatography using a Concanavalin-A sepharose-4B column and eluted with 0.5 M alpha-methylmannoside. The antigen was recognized specifically by sera from kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) patients and did not react with sera from tuberculosis, leprosy or malaria patients. The antigen may therefore be useful in developing a serodiagnostic assay for visceral leishmaniasis.
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PMID:Leishmania donovani: isolation of a concanavalin-A specific antigen and its evaluation for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. 128 99

The IFA test developed using Leishmania donovani promastigote and amastigote antigens showed very high antibody titre in clinically and parasitologically established cases (30) of kala-azar, the geometrical mean reciprocal titre (GMRT) being 870 +/- 5.4 and 5370 +/- 1.80 respectively with the two antigens. In contrast, the GMRT of normal subjects of endemic area was only 12.44 +/- 6.19 and 80.35 +/- 1.66 respectively with these antigens. None of the subjects from non-endemic area suffering with other parasitic diseases, such as malaria, filaria, amoebiasis, leprosy or tuberculosis (20 cases each) gave a positive response to any of the antigen. The test holds promise in the diagnosis of Kala-azar.
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PMID:An indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test for the serodiagnosis of Kala-Azar. 129 50

India has launched a liberalization of its economy with restructuring, privatization, and increased imports in order to achieve higher economic performance. This drive also affected the pharmaceutical industry and drug distribution, but in a negative manner. In the 1980s there were 9000 drug manufacturers that together produced up to 60,000 different preparations. In 1992, only 20,000 drugs were produced. The Voluntary Health Organization of India (VHAI) has fought for 10 years for a rational policy on medicines to halt the production of worthless or outright harmful products. For instance, anabolic steroids are sold as nutritional supplements to children, and the banned clioquinol is regularly used against diarrhea despite an international boycott. In recent years unscrupulous manufacturers have sold contaminated water as glucose for infusion bags and anti-D-immunoglobulin which was contaminated with HIV-infected blood. In northern India, a criminal organization bought up used cannulas from hospitals and repacked them for resale as new supplies. While a new medicine policy is formulated, there is a serious shortage of life-saving drugs such as insulin and rifampicin. In the last years, prices have exploded as some products have become six times more expensive. The whole national health system has undergone cost cuts to comply with an ultimatum from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; otherwise, sorely needed dollar loans would not be forthcoming. Funds for fighting tuberculosis and malaria have been trimmed, although AIDS and family planning budgets have been increased. One-fourth of the state health expenditures go to combat AIDS, since about 1 million people are infected with HIV. The pharmaceutical industry has also been embroiled in a patent protection wrangle with American drug exporters who claim that Retrovir or AZT (developed by Burroughs Wellcome) was pirated by the Cipla firm, whereas Cipla countered that it was ferreted out from scientific journals.
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PMID:[India: an expensive and dangerous drug]. 130 Jun 63

Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) purified from patients with autoimmune disease have recently been shown to interact with a phospholipid-binding plasma protein, beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta 2-GPI). The aim of this study was to determine whether aCL purified from patients with infection also interact with beta 2-GPI. aCL purified from 23 patients with malaria, infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A or syphilis did not require the presence of beta 2-GPI to bind cardiolipin (CL). In contrast, aCL were purified from 11 out of 12 patients with autoimmune disease that bound CL only in the presence of beta 2-GPI. Thrombotic complications appear to be associated with aCL occurring in autoimmune disease but not with aCL associated with infections. We postulate that this increased risk of thrombosis in the autoimmune group may be due to the presence of aCL that bind CL in association with beta 2-GPI, a plasma protein with anticoagulant activity.
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PMID:A phospholipid-beta 2-glycoprotein I complex is an antigen for anticardiolipin antibodies occurring in autoimmune disease but not with infection. 130 67


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