Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 27-year-old American man who had returned recently from East Africa presented with African sleeping sickness, probably of the Rhodesian (East African) type. High fever, malaise, and watery diarrhea were his predominant symptoms. No trypanosomal chancre was noted. Treatment for malaria in Africa had not been effective. In the emergency department, diagnosis was established by demonstrating trypanosomes on blood smear. Treatment with an IV course of Suramin was successful.
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PMID:African sleeping sickness presenting in an American emergency department. 394 63

The epidemiological analysis of infectious morbidity for recent years has been made and the main nosological forms existing in Angola (malaria, tuberculosis, lepra, African trypanosomiasis, plague, intestinal diseases, etc.) have been briefly characterized on the basis of primary medical reports and the data provided by the literature and experimental work. This analysis creates the necessary prerequisites which enable the local public health organs to determine the regularities of the epidemic process, thus making it possible to take rational prophylactic measures and to organize proper epidemiological supervision.
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PMID:[Epidemiological characteristics of Angola]. 399 83

A survey for sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense) in villages in the northern Luangwa valley found a point prevalence of parasitaemia of 5.8 per thousand; the incidence of the disease was estimated at about 1% per annum. None of the cases found had sought treatment and pre-symptomatic cases may represent an important reservoir of infection to others. Other frequent parasitemias in the population included malaria (P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale) which is hyperendemic and Dipetalonema perstans.
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PMID:The public health importance of African trypanosomiasis in north east Zambia. 633 10

A rapid and economical micro-counterimmunoelectrophoresis (MCIE) test, for antibody to trypanosome antigens, has been developed which may prove useful in trypanosomiasis surveillance. MCIE was more sensitive and more rapid than immunodiffusion (ID). Serum samples from trypanosome-infected rabbits and cattle (Nigerian and Gambian), from Kuwaiti dogs and camels, from Ivory Coast sleeping sickness patients, from Brazilian patients with Chagas's disease, plus mouse-anti-malaria sera have been tested by MCIE with Trypanosoma brucei, T. vivax, T. congolense and T. cruzi antigens. A few of the rabbit and the mice sera were also tested against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium berghei or P. chabaudi antigens. Whenever possible the MCIE results were compared with parasitological or other serological tests (ID; indirect fluorescent antibody test, IFAT; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA; complement fixation test, CFT or indirect haemagglutination test, IHAT). The MCIE test was not species specific but the homologous species reactions were more often positive than heterologous ones. Homologous species reactions, with rabbit sera, detected antibodies as early as 10 days after infection and developed more precipitin lines as the infection progressed. Trypanosomal antigens and antisera cross-reacted with those of other protozoa (E. histolytica, Tr. vaginalis, P. chabaudi, P. berghei, and Babesia sp. and Leishmania sp.) but such reactions required an antigen concentration 4 to 16 times greater than that required for homologous trypanosome reactions (a factor which might be exploited for identification of different species of trypanosome).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Micro-counterimmunoelectrophoresis: a rapid screening technique for trypanosomiasis. 641 74

Paralysis from poliomyelitis may follow injections yet injections are extremely popular in the Third World. Some injections are given by hospital doctors and nurses but the majority are given by traditional healers, pharmacists and paramedical workers who have acquired syringes. Many injections may be given to a sick child. I suggest that the early use of vaccines did not persuade people of the mystic of injections and that the mystic predated the use of penicillin. The earliest mystical result would have been the injection of quinine for malaria and antrypal for sleeping sickness. The words brilliant, spectacular and dramatic were first used to describe the mass campaigns against yaws and kala-azar in the 1920s and 1930s. A single injection healed the ugly lesions in a week: cause and effect were visible. In the 1950s penicillin was used in mass eradication campaigns. The countries where injections are so popular correspond roughly with the areas of mass eradication programmes. Many or perhaps most of the injections are not sterile and present a great risk of attendant paralysis. Proof that injections are causal may be impossible. Meanwhile we need to know why injections are so popular and how they can be less so.
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PMID:The popularity of injections in the Third World: origins and consequences for poliomyelitis. 651 26

A micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing antigen dotted onto nitrocellulose filter discs (Dot-ELISA) was developed for the rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Leishmania donovani promastigotes applied to filter discs in volumes of 1 microliter were placed in 96-well microtiter plates, blocked with bovine serum albumin, then incubated with 4-fold dilutions of patient sera. After incubation with peroxidase-conjugated anti-human antibody, washing and addition of precipitable substrate, positive reactions appeared as blue dots on a white background which were easily read by eye. The procedure is performed at room temperature, takes about 2 h and is economical. At a reciprocal diagnostic titer of greater than or equal to 32, 41 of 42 (98%) leishmaniasis patients were positive, and positive titers ranged from 512 to 524,288. Control sera from healthy individuals showed 1 of 50 (2%) false positive reactions. Sera from patients with African trypanosomiasis, Chagas' disease, and lupus erythematosus were cross-reactive in the Dot-ELISA. No cross-reactivity was noted with sera from patients with amebiasis, coccidioidomycosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, viral hepatitis, hydatidosis, malaria, schistosomiasis, syphilis, toxoplasmosis or trichinosis. In replicate experiments, 90% of 167 sera tested did not vary in titer. This rapid and inexpensive test should prove to be an important field diagnostic technique for visceral leishmaniasis.
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PMID:Dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA): a micro technique for the rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. 654 6

The immunological test: latex agglutination, counter immuno-electrophoresis, ELISA, and immunoperoxydase test, have been applied on the serodiagnosis of african sleeping sickness, and have been compared with each other, with special reference to the cross-reactions in parasitic diseases and hyperglobulinemia. In addition to malaria and leishmaniasis well known interferences, this study gives clear indication of the importance of false positive reactions in active toxoplasma infection. Any how, the serodiagnostic can be worked out from the analysis of responses to various specific antigens, which are always more positive with the homologous antigen.
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PMID:[Sero-immunologic diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis: cross reactions of various parasitoses and hyperglobulinemias]. 662 52

The past few years have witnessed renewed effort to develop new tools for the conquest of parasitic and other infectious tropical diseases. The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases was initiated by the WHO, following a resolution of the World Health Assembly calling for the intensification of research into tropical diseases. The Programme, co-sponsored by UNDP and the World Bank, has developed a network of activities with two inter-related objective: Research and development towards new and improved tools to control six tropical diseases; and Strengthening of national institutions, including training, to increase the research capabilities of the tropical countries effected by the diseases. The six target diseases are: malaria, schistosomiasis, filariasis, trypanosomiasis (both African sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease), leishmaniasis and leprosy. Early scientific results include progress in chemotherapy for malaria, schistosomiasis and filariasis; in the developing and testing of a vaccine against leprosy; in the fundamental knowledge required to develop a vaccine against malaria; and in simple and accurate diagnostic field tests for malaria, leprosy and African trypanosomiasis. In addition, institution strengthening and training support, awarded exclusively to institutions and scientists of developing endemic countries, has increased rapidly. The programme has collaborated with other agencies which are active in this area and with the pharmaceutical industry. Additional scientists and institutions are involved in the planning, implementation and evaluation of the Programme.
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PMID:Recent advances in tropical diseases research. 668 65

Of the four most dangerous protozoal infections acquired in (sub)tropical regions, falciparum malaria, amoebic abscess of the liver, visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar) and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) only the fourth was up to now unreported in the Dutch medical literature. Two case histories are presented: a Cameroonian woman, resident in the Netherlands for two years, suffering from West African type sleeping sickness, and a Dutch tourist who acquired East African trypanosomiasis while travelling through Zimbabwe. Although the parasites are morphologically identical, clinical and epidemiological characteristics are distinctly different. The West African type, rarely if ever observed in Europeans, has an insidious chronic course leading to the features of classical sleeping sickness. Differential diagnosis is difficult. The East African variety runs an acute course in Europeans leading to death within days due to myocarditis. It is therefore mandatory for the diagnosis to be made as soon as possible in order to initiate specific therapy. Both patients recovered after specific therapy.
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PMID:[African sleeping sickness in The Netherlands]. 747 70

Leishmaniasis is a spectrum of diseases ranging in severity from cutaneous (CL), post-kala-azar dermal (PKDL), and diffuse cutaneous (DCL) to mucocutaneous (MCL) and visceral (VL) infections that are endemic in 86 tropical and subtropical countries around the world, accounting for 75,000 deaths per year. Different forms of leishmaniases are generally caused by different distinct species of Leishmania having a digenetic life cycle alternating between an aflagellated amastigote form replicative within the macrophages of the host and a flagellated promastigote form that multiplies within the gut of the sandfly. VL, MCL, PKDL, DCL, and CL forms of the disease can be arranged on a priority basis in accordance with the humoral immune responses of host. Generally, the cell-mediated immunity, particularly the delayed-type hypersensitivity to leishmanial antigens, is associated with CL, MCL, PKDL, and cured VL cases. The serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis appears to be an alternative to parasite detection in biopsy samples either by the staining of amastigotes or by culturing the amastigotes, which transform to a promastigote form and replicate. A battery of immunological procedures have been developed or adapted to demonstrate either humoral or cell-mediated immune responses against Leishmania for diagnosis and epidemiological survey. The sensitivity and specificity of such diagnostic methods depend on the type, source, and purity of antigen employed, as some of the leishmanial antigens have common cross-reactive epitopes shared with other microorganisms, particularly Trypanosoma, Mycobacteria, Plasmodia, and Schistosoma. Serodiagnostic techniques for the detection of antileishmanial antibodies have been employed with about 72 to 100, 23 to 90, 83, and 33 to 100% success in VL, CL, MCL, and PKDL patients, respectively. The Leishmanin skin test (LST) is useful to detect MCL and CL, with about 100 and 84% success, respectively. In PKDL, the gradual fall of antileishmanial antibody titer to some extent and the rise of delayed hypersensitivity to the parasite antigen are the characteristic features associated with the chronicity of the disease. The use of whole promastigote as the source of antigens in the direct agglutination test (DAT) and immunofluorescent test (IFAT) gave cross-reactions with the sera of leprosy, tuberculosis, and African trypanosomiasis patients. Again, the use of cell-free extracts of promastigotes generally gave false positive results with the sera of normal human and Chagas' disease, leprosy, tuberculosis, and malaria patients in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot ELISA, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and counter-current immunoelectrophoresis tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Serodiagnosis of leishmaniasis. 763 32


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