Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review focuses on the parasitic diseases which occur frequently in the tropics and which affect pregnant women. Clinical disease of the mother during pregnancy, vertical transmission of parasites and transplacental passage of soluble parasitic antigens are discussed in relation to their immunopathological significance for the fetus. The incidences of congenital malaria, African trypanosomiasis and Chagas' disease are reviewed, together with vertical transmission of filarial infection, involvement of the female genital tract in schistosomiasis, and fulminant colitis due to Entamoeba histolytica infection during pregnancy.
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PMID:Effects of parasitic infections in pregnant women. 12 75

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is described. A crude extract of a Trypanosoma brucei suspension which was purified from all blood components was used as antigen. In rabbits experimentally infected with T. brucei or T. rhodesiense both homologous (anti-T. brucei) and heterologous (anti-T. rhodesiense) Trypanosoma antibodies could be detected with ELISA using T. brucei as antigen. The sensitivity of ELISA was comparable with that of the immunofluorescence (IF) technique. Sera of patients with sleeping sickness were examined with ELISA and IF. It proved possible to discriminate between groups of individuals with and without trypanosomiasis. Cross reactions were only observed with serum from a patient in which antibodies to Leishmania were detected. No cross reactions were observed in sera from patients with malaria, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, or echinococcosis. ELISA represents a good alternative to IF in the serology of African trypanosomiasis, and may be particularly suitable for mass screening purposes.
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PMID:Application of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serodiagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). 32 Aug 95

In order to be applicable to sero-epidemiology, serological reactions must lend themselves to micro-techniques and automation. Their results, notably concerning malaria, sleeping sickness, amoebiasis, schistosomiasis and filariasis, complement those of direct parasitological examination. Serology is often more accurate, but is also more costly and should be reserved for those cases in which other analytical methods are either impossible or too undependable (low transmission level). Serological methods generally involve little risk or false negativity, but they can be falsely positive and improvement of the specificity of available testing procedures is at present one of the major technological problems of parasitic sero-epidemiology.
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PMID:[Applications and limitations of immunological techniques in the sero-epidemiological analysis of parasitic risk (author's transl)]. 37 Sep 27

A comparison is made of enzyme-immunoassay and radio-immunoassay for the detection of antibody in Chagas's disease, sleeping sickness, malaria, schistosomiasis ans invasive amoebiasis. Both assays were sensitive and reproductible and gave comparable results.
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PMID:A comparison of isotopic and enzyme-immunoassays for tropical parasitic diseases. 41 19

The specificity of a circulating antibody observed in American trypanosomiasis and reacting with endocardium, blood vessels, and the interstitium of striated muscle (EVI factor) was evaluated in the indirect fluorescent antibody test with 60 sera from patients with malaria, leishmaniasis, echinococcosis, amebiasis, African trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, and trichinosis, collected from areas where Chagas' disease is not endemic. Two sera, 1 from a patient with Plasmodium falciparum malaria and 1 from a patient with a relapse pretreatment post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, were positive for the EVI factor. In the leishmaniasis group, 3 of 8 sera reacted with 0ovine, murine, and human skeletal muscle. In this reaction, which differs from the EVI test, the sarcolemma and the intracellular structures were stained.
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PMID:Investigation of the EVI antibody in parasitic diseases other than American trypanosomiasis. An anti-skeletal muscle antibody in leishmaniasis. 108 66

A monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (antigen ELISA) developed for detection of trypanosome antigens in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients as a means for diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness was evaluated at the Bureau Central de la Trypanosomiase, Kinshasa, Zaire. Sixty-nine (89.6%) of 77 parasitologically confirmed cases examined at the Daloa clinic had antigens in serum; 35 (45.5%) had antigens in CSF and, in 4 of these, the antigens were detected in CSF only. Taking the serum and CSF results together, 73 (94.8%) of the 77 patients were positive in the assay. In the Kinshasa series, 168 (89.4%) of 188 parasitologically confirmed cases were positive by antigen ELISA. The controls, who included 165 blood donors and 40 patients with malaria, 2 with hydatidosis and 12 with leishmaniasis, were negative by antigen ELISA. Analysis of CSF results for 35 patients who had antigens in CSF revealed that 34 (97.1%) had elevated CSF white cell counts, 29 (82.9%) had elevated protein levels, and 23 (65.7%) had trypanosomes in their CSF. Moreover, analysis of results for 34 patients whose CSF had been shown to harbour trypanosomes by the double centrifugation technique showed that 24 (70.6%) had antigens in CSF, 28 (82.6%) had elevated protein levels, and 33 (97.1%) had elevated CSF white cell counts. Antigens were rapidly cleared from peripheral circulation following institution of treatment. Antigen clearance was accompanied by a rapid fall in CSF protein levels and white cell counts. These results demonstrate the potential of antigen ELISA, not only as a tool for diagnosis, but also for clinical staging and treatment follow-up of patients with T. b. gambiense sleeping sickness.
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PMID:Diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness using an antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 156 2

Subfecundity is caused by disease and nutrition as well as by genetic, environmental, and psychological components. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by 21 different pathogens of which syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia are the most important. Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum with incidence of 10% in Thailand. 20% in Papua New Guinea, and 40% in Ethiopia. Stillbirths in infected mothers range from 66% to 80%. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoea and its incidence was 18% in female patients in Ugandan clinic. 20% of women in Africa with cervical gonorrhea develop salpingitis. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease is several times higher in IUD users. The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis caused infertility in 15.4% of men in a 1991 study. Herpes simplex virus 2 infects 15-30% of sexually active adults, and the chance of fetal transmission is 40% when maternal lesions are present. Diseases other than STDs include tuberculosis (TB) whose development is aided by conditions such as malnutrition, malaria, leprosy, syphilis, and African sleeping sickness. Genital TB causes a 5-50% rate of menstrual disorders including amenorrhea and a 55-85% rate of sterility in women. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium protozoa, and the feverish state included by it can lead to oligospermia. Severe malarial anemia can lead to fetal and maternal mortality. The protozoa Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness that produces azoospermia and impairs the pituitary gland and ovaries. Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) and filariasis have less direct effect on fecundity but they negatively impact nutritional status. Maternal nutrition substantially impacts fetal and infant survival. During the Dutch famine of 1944-45 there was a 50% decrease in births 9 months subsequently. A 10-15% weight loss results in amenorrhea.
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PMID:Endemic disease, nutrition and fertility in developing countries. 163 64

Infections with parasitic protozoa have always been problems for the developing world and are becoming of greater importance to the developed world in this age of easy international travel. The major human protozoal diseases are summarised with an emphasis on their presentation in normal hosts and in immunocompromised individuals and current US drug treatment recommendations are discussed. Present antiprotozoal regimens are based either on a pharmacokinetic rationale or on clinical trial and error. Regimens based on trial and error include amphotericin B against leishmaniasis and arsenic against African trypanosomiasis. Regimens which are to some extent driven by pharmacokinetic or biochemical considerations include paromomycin and metronidazole against amoebiasis, sodium stibogluconate against leishmaniasis, halofantrine and mefloquine against malaria, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors against Pneumocystis carinii and toxoplasmosis and aerosolised pentamidine against P. carinii pneumonia. The majority of pharmacokinetic studies have been performed only on agents which have some therapeutic activity against other diseases of the developed world. Despite the trend toward rational treatment regimens, no studies have been performed that permit optimisation of antiprotozoal treatment regimens on the basis of clinical conditions such as renal failure.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetic justification of antiprotozoal therapy. A US perspective. 178 41

A latex card agglutination test for detection of antibodies in human African trypanosomiasis is presented. The latex was covalently coated with semipurified surface glycoprotein of Variable Antigen Type LiTat 1.6 of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Sera from 100 patients infected with T.b. gambiense, 26 patients infected with T.b. rhodesiense and 707 individuals without trypanosomiasis, including 132 malaria seropositives, have been tested. At serum dilution 1:16, sensitivity of the test was 91% for the T.b. gambiense and 42.3% for the T.b. rhodesiense group. Specificity was over 99%. The reagent remained stable at +/- 6 degrees C for at least 3 months. Reagent kept at 37 degrees C for 3 months retained its sensitivity and showed a slight decrease in specificity.
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PMID:An experimental latex agglutination test for antibody detection in human African trypanosomiasis. 178 2

In 1981, Kenyan authorities attempted eradication of tsetse (Glossina pallidipes) from the Lambwe valley, by sequential aerial spraying of endosulfan. Fly populations were reduced by over 99.9% in the main habitats, but recovered to their original levels within one year. In 1986, an Argentine research team attempted local elimination of domestic Triatominae (Triatoma infestans) in an area of Santiago del Estero. House infestation rates were reduced to an apparent zero, but recovered to pre-control levels in two years. In Sri Lanka, a combination of mosquito control with active case detection and treatment reduced malaria incidence to just 17 cases in 1964. Interruption of the programme then saw case incidence return to over 500,000 by 1969. These three examples-from African trypanosomiasis, South American Chagas disease and malaria-all illustrate the same process. Vector populations, infestation rates, and rates of disease transmission, can be reduced. The real problem is not in achieving the initial reduction, but in subsequently either driving the disease to extinction or maintaining it below acceptable levels. And this problem takes us beyond the simple analysis of interventions, into the complex realms of population behaviour set in its political, social and economic context. It seems that we have been too rarely concerned to plan and implement the long term surveillance and selective interventions that are required to translate initial gains into real success. In biological terms, we tend to ignore the complexity and robustness of vector populations and disease transmission cycles, especially their varied capacity to recover from interference. Moreover, in socio-political terms, a reduced problem-even one representing potential for future catastrophe-tends to claim less priority than present problems, even though premature redeployment of resources may abnegate gains already achieved. The problem is strongly compounded by methods of economic analysis where the benefits of avoiding future problems are strongly discounted in favour of short-term temporary gains. This paper seeks to open discussion on these long-term planning issues.
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PMID:Vector population responses to control interventions. 179 71


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