Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Imported infectious diseases in the Departments for Epidemic Diseases in Blegdams Hospital and the University Hospital, Copenhagen, are reviewed for the period 1975-1986. A total of 3,454 cases were diagnosed. 92% were due to parasitic infections. 20.2% of the diagnoses were made i Danes. 38% of these had malaria. Ancylostomiasis, ascariasis and trichuriasis constituted 55% of the diagnoses and were found mainly in boat refugees from Vietnam. Africa, south of Sahara, Asia and the Mediterranean countries were the commonest sources of infection. The number of diagnoses increased tenfold as compared with the period 1965-1974 and this was due mainly to immigration of 3,000 boat refugees from Vietnam during the period 1979-1983. The number of danes averaged 57 annually. Only a slight increase occurred in imported infectious diseases in Danes as compared with the period 1965-1974. Malaria, bacterial and parasitic intestinal infections were the commonest diagnoses in this group. The next largest group of patients consisted of immigrants from Pakistan and Turkey. During the period 1979-1983, 79% of the diagnoses were made mainly in the boat refugees from Vietnam. The individual diseases are reviewed and the possibilities for prevention of imported disease are outlined.
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PMID:[Imported infectious diseases in patients at Blegdam's Hospital and the epidemic diseases department of Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, during 1975-1986]. 280 28

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify soluble interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) in the serum of patients with helminthic and protozoal infections. The results demonstrated that levels of IL-2R were normal in patients with helminthic infections limited to the intestinal tract (ascariasis, trichuriasis), but significantly elevated in patients with systemic or long-lasting infections (strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, opisthorchiasis). In patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni levels of IL-2R were higher in those with the hepatosplenic than in those with the intestinal form of the disease. Patients with malaria also showed increased serum levels of IL-2R, irrespective whether the infection was caused by Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax. No difference was observed between patients with acute or history of malaria. The highest levels of IL-2R were observed in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Interestingly, in these patients the concentration of IL-2R correlated to specific antibody titre. The results are discussed in the context of preferential activation of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and/or macrophages during the course of the different parasitic infections investigated.
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PMID:Interleukin 2 receptor in patients with localized and systemic parasitic diseases. 313 58

A survey of 5,595 primary school children in Lagos State showed that most of the children were over-loaded with parasitic infestations which included malaria (37.7%), schistosomiasis (13.4%). ascariasis (74.2%), trichuriasis (75.8%), hookworm (29.5%) and tungiasis (49.5%). Multiple infections were observed with about 16.2% harbouring all the causative organisms of the parasitic diseases enumerated above. The high prevalence of parasitic infestations among these children is an index of the community's low level of health and also of inadequate health education, because most of these diseases are preventable if the people are told what to do.
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PMID:The parasitic diseases of school children in Lagos State, Nigeria. 611 20

Iron in food is classified as belonging to the haem pool, the nonhaem pool, and extraneous sources. Haem iron is derived from vegetable and animal sources with varying bioavailability. Hookworm infestation of the intestinal tract affects 450 million people in the tropics. Schistosoma mansoni caused blood loss in 7 Egyptian patients of 7.5- 25.9 ml/day which is equivalent to a daily loss of iron of .6-7.3 mg daily urinary loss of iron in 9 Egyptian patients. Trichuris trichiura infestation by whipworm is widespread in children with blood loss of 5 ml/day/worm. The etiology of anemia in children besides iron deficiency includes malaria, bacterial or viral infections, folate deficiency and sickle-cell disease. Severe infections cause profound iron-deficiency anemia in children in central American and Malaysia. Plasmodium falciparum malaria-induced anaemia in tropical Africa lowers the mean haemoglobin concentration in the population by 2 g/dI, causing profound anaemia in some. The increased risk of premature delivery, low birthweight, fetal abnormalities, and fetal death is directly related to the degree of maternal anemia. Perinatal mortality was reduced from 38 to 4% in treated anemic mothers. Mental performance was significantly lower in anemic school children and improved after they received iron. Supplements of iron, soy-protein, calcium, and vitamins given to villagers with widespread malnutrition, iron deficiency, and hookworm infestation in Colombia reduced enteric infections in children. Severe iron-deficiency anemia was treated in adults in northern Nigeria by daily in Ferastral 10 ml, which is equivalent to 500 mg of iron per day. Choloroquine, folic acid, rephenium hydroxynaphthoate, and tetrachlorethylene treat adults with severe iron deficiency from hookworm infestation in rural tropical Africa. Blood transfusion is indicated if the patient is dying of anaemia or is pregnant with a haemoglobin concentration 6 gm/dl. In South East Asia, mg per day prevented iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Field-trials on nutritional iron deficiency include an acidified milk formula plus ferrous sulphate for infants; biscuits with added bovine hemoglobin for children in Chile; sugar plus sodium ferric EDTA in Guatemala; salt with ferric orthophosphate and sodium acid sulphate in India; and Salt with ferrous sulphate plus sodium hexametaphosphate.
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PMID:Iron deficiency in the tropics. 704 57

An evaluation of health problems is done in a village in Eastern Madagascar, where takes place a development programme. 217 inhabitants go through physical examination and lab tests are performed (Blood smear - Thick drop. Emmel test. Stools examination for parasites and enteroviruses). The epidemiologic investigation reveals the prevalences of Malaria (39,4 p. 100) intestinal schistosomiasis (59,9 p. 100) Ascaridiasis (61,3 p. 100) Hookworm (29,9 p. 100) Trichuriasis (19,8 p. 100) and sickle cells anemia (4,80 p. 100). The signs and symptoms are analysed, particularly spleen enlargement which is shown to be due to schistosomiasis. The local transmition pattern of schistosomiasis is investigated and, according to the malacological findings, is thought to be intermittent. The determination of the local hookworm is started. It should be Necator americanus. The sanitary programme to be set is considered regarding the local contexte.
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PMID:[Epidemiological survey and sanitary problems in a village in East Central Madagascar]. 720 Jul 61

Approximately 300 blood and fecal specimens were examined in a parasitologic survey of indigenous inhabitants of the small isolated Torro Valley in the mountains of Central Sulawesi. Schistosoma japonicum was not found although the parasite is endemic in the neighboring Lindu and Napu valleys. Hookworm infection (71%) was the most common helminthiasis. The prevalences of ascariasis (3%) and trichuriasis (2%) are low for Indonesia in general but similar to those found in nearby mountainous areas of Sulawesi. Intestinal protozoa endemic to the area are: Entamoeba histolytica (8%). E. coli (23%). Endolimax nana (9%), Iodamoeba butschii (9%) and Giardia lamblia (14%). Plasmodium vivax infections were found in 4% and P. falciparum in 2% of persons examined. Brugia malayi microfilaremia was found with a prevalence of 25%. The high rate of splenic (54%) and hepatic (22%) enlargement found on examination of 206 persons of all ages is considered to be a result of combined effects of endemic malaria and hereditary ovalocytosis.
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PMID:Intestinal and blood parasites in the Torro Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. 722 87

Antiprotozoan drugs of choice include: chloroquine for malaria; diiodohydroxyquin for asymptomatic intestinal amebiasis; metronidazole for acute amebic colitis, extraintestinal amebiasis and trichomoniasis; quinacrine for giardiasis; quinine-pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis pneumonia. Anthelmintic drugs of choice include: mebendazole for roundworm, pinworm, whipworm and hookworm infections; niclosamide for tapeworm infections, and thiabendazole for trichinosis.
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PMID:Antiparasitic drugs. 735 83

A survey of blood and intestinal parasites in a coastal and a mountainous area of the remote island of Alor, southeastern Indonesia revealed widespread infection with pathogenic intestinal protozoa and helminths, malaria and filaria. Amoebiasis (31.2%), ascariasis (35.3%) and hookworm infections (28.6%) were common, reflecting primitive sanitation and hygiene. Trichuriasis rates (6.8%) were less than expected perhaps due to the prolonged dry season and soil factors in the area. Timor filariasis was found in coastal villagers (10.5%), but not in persons living at an elevation of 500 meters; a low rate of bancroftian filariasis (1.8%) was found in both areas. Malaria, caused by P. vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae was mesoendemic. Soil-transmitted and vector-borne parasitic infections are an important health problem in the populations examined.
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PMID:Intestinal and blood parasites of man on Alor Island Southeast Indonesia. 740 53

Several important developments have occurred in recent years in the chemotherapy for and prophylaxis of parasitic infections. Although mefloquine is clearly the most effective agent for prevention of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria, its use has been compromised by side effects, both real and imagined. Well-designed studies have shown that side effects occur no more frequently with low-dose mefloquine than with chloroquine. Use of mefloquine in pregnant women has not been associated with birth defects, but the incidence of stillbirths may be increased. Malarone is a new agent that combines atovaquone and proguanil, and it may be as effective as mefloquine; however, it is not yet available in the United States. Several newer agents have appeared in response to the development of multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum, especially in Southeast Asia. Halofantrine is available for the treatment of mild to moderate malaria due to P. falciparum and for P. vivax infections. Because of severe toxic effects, use of halofantrine should be restricted to only those unusual and rare situations in which other agents cannot be used. Artemisinin (an extract of the Chinese herbal remedy qinghaosu) and two derivatives, artesunate and artemether, are active against multidrug resistant P. falciparum and are widely used in Asia in oral, parenteral, and rectal forms. The antibacterial azithromycin in combination with atovaquone or quinine has now been reported to treat babesiosis effectively in experimental animals and in a few patients. Azithromycin in combination with paromomycin has also shown promise in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis (and toxoplasmosis when combined with pyrimethamine) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Albendazole is currently the only systemic agent available for treatment of microsporidiosis, an infection primarily of patients with AIDS. In addition, albendazole and ivermectin have emerged as effective broad-spectrum antihelminthics, with albendazole becoming the drug of choice for hydatid disease (echinococcosis), neurocysticercosis, and most intestinal nematode infections (except strongyloidiasis and trichuriasis). Liposomal amphotericin B is the first drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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PMID:Antiparasitic agents. 1056 Jun 6

Migration of the population has been established to substantially increase the risk of importation of parasitic diseases into Russia. Mass importation of malaria into Russia has started since 1993 when local cases of malaria (secondary to imported ones), whose source was newcomers from Tadjikistan and Azerbaijan, were notified. The migration of the population has increased the incidence of helminthiasis and protozoan diseases earlier sporadically recorded in Russia. In 1996 to 2002, a total of 7386 patients with parasitic diseases considered by official statistics as other helminthiasis and other protozoan diseases were notified. In some areas, the morbidity rates due to hymenolepidiasis and trichocephaliasis have been formed from imported cases, the number of imported cases of opisthorchiasis increased, the area of spreading echinococciasis in Russia expanded at the expense of imported cases of echinococciasis from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and the Ukraine.
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PMID:[Parasitic diseases in the Russian Federation under the conditions of population migration]. 1504 38


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