Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Germany, the last period of the Second World War and the following years were characterized by deficiencies of hygiene which had not occurred previously in Middle Europe during the 20th century. There were focuses of typhus, typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and meningitis. Insufficiencies in the removal of faeces caused high incidences of shigellosis, hepatitis A, and ascariasis. As a result of insufficient body care, many people were infested with fleas, lice and scabies. The migration of large proportions of the population resulted in an increasing prevalence of syphilis an gonorrhea. As the population resettled, the first steps towards reorganization of public health could be done. The spread of typhoid fever was controlled by drinking-water disinfection with chlorine, repair of sewage systems, and patient isolation. The application of DDT helped to reduce scabies and pediculosis, resulting in decreasing typhus risks. During the first two decades after the war, there was a steady decrease of the incidence of infectious diseases. The reconstruction of the towns resulted in improved housing conditions and a decreasing number of persons per housing area, reducing the intensity of physical contacts of the inhabitants with each other. The nutrition and clothing situation of the population improved, which, in addition to a general rise of the standards of hygiene, brought about an increase of the individual resistance to infection. A further reduction of sporadic and epidemic outbreaks of infectious diseases was achieved by the introduction of chemotherapy and antibiotics. Increasing prosperity was accompanied by new problems of hygiene. Infectious diseases almost eradicated in West Germany, were imported by air travellers. Ten imported cases of smallpox were reported between 1957 and 1972, eight of which originated from Southeast Asia. Malaria, imported by German and foreign soldiers, had not been uncommon after the end of the war but had been easy to control by insecticides and antimalarials. As tourism expanded, a new wave of imported malaria cases was reported. In West Germany there is, however, no more spread of the disease under present conditions, cholera caused similar problems. The 1961 cholera epidemic started in Southeast Asia and caused minor outbreaks in Mediterranean countries like Italy and Spain. A significant spread of the disease throughout Europe was prevented by generally high standards of drinking water and sewage treatment. Sporadic cases of typhoid fever were imported from countries with low standards of hygiene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The success of hygiene in the last 40 years]. 250 Jul 98

A 39-year-old Japanese male engineer who stayed in Nigeria from August 17, 1987 through January 22, 1988, presented chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. He was taking oral chloroquine prophylactically. But he suffered from P. falciparum malaria in November, 1987 and early January, 1988. He was treated in Nigeria. After his return to Japan, he was admitted to our hospital with a fever of 39 degrees C on January 29, 1988. The peripheral blood smear on admission showed the presence of ring form P. falciparum. He was diagnosed as recrudescence of P. falciparum malaria. Laboratory examination revealed severe thrombocytopenia and biologic false-positive serological tests of syphilis. The level of 50% inhibitory concentration was 0.44 nmol/ml by in vitro chloroquine sensitivity test of the strain of P. falciparum obtained from this patient. Clinically, chloroquine was not effective. The patient was treated with intravenous quinine dihydrochloride followed by sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine tablets and recovered completely. As far as we know through our survey this patient was the first case of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum malaria brought to Japan from Nigeria.
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PMID:[Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria confirmed by semi-micro sensitivity test for chloroquine seen in a person returned from Nigeria to Japan]. 250 25

Many viruses, bacteria or parasites can survive in stored blood for varying lengths of time. Recipients are therefore exposed to a risk which depends on the prevalence of pathogens in blood donor populations, the clinical and laboratory controls performed in blood transfusion centres and the efficiency of the patient's immune system. Beside the HIV and hepatitis viruses, transfusions may transmit the HTL virus in endemic areas or if the blood donor comes from one of these areas (e.g. the French West Indies), the CMV virus (but only in patients with weak immune defences) and some exotic viruses in specific regions. As regards bacterial agents, syphilis is prevented by blood storage at 4 degrees C for 72 hours and brucellosis remains a minor risk, but the very rare endotoxinic shock is severe and lethal in two-thirds of the cases. Infestation by parasites is common in certain areas, but it may occur in France after transfusion from blood donors coming from these areas; malaria transmitted by blood perfusion is a real problem. Drastic procedures of rejection of blood donors at risk, including examination and laboratory screening, must be applied and are effective in preventing these dangers. These procedures are well-known and are compulsory in France.
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PMID:[Transfusion and transmission of infectious and parasitic diseases excluding AIDS and viral hepatitis]. 255 83

In a study of connective tissue and infectious disease sera, we have demonstrated IgM and IgG anti-cardiolipin activity, in a solid phase radioimmunoassay, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis and in acute malaria caused by four different species of Plasmodium. The highest values were noted in SLE (IgM anti-cardiolipin P less than 0.005, IgG anti-cardiolipin P less than 0.01), but there was no correlation with anti-dsDNA, rheumatoid factor or VDRL titres in any disease group. Anti-cardiolipin binding was significantly associated with the lupus anticoagulant, thrombocytopenia, spontaneous abortions and thromboses in the SLE patients. Ten SLE sera from this thrombotic subset and 10 syphilitic sera with similar anti-cardiolipin activity, were tested against four phospholipid antigens and showed significantly different anti-phosphatidyl ethanolamine/anti-phosphatidyl serine binding ratios (P less than 0.001). These differences in phospholipid epitope specificity could explain the specificity of the VDRL antigen in syphilis serology, and we discuss a putative role for anti-phosphatidyl serine in the thrombotic diathesis of SLE.
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PMID:Anti-phospholipid antibodies in syphilis and a thrombotic subset of SLE: distinct profiles of epitope specificity. 257 56

A total of 204 sera, taken from healthy individuals or from individuals with various parasitic and bacterial infections, were examined by the indirect haemagglutination test. The tests were carried out using either a thermo-stable lipoprotein or unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid, and a titre of 1:64 or above was considered positive. Sixty-two of 70 sera from individuals with surgically-confirmed hydatid disease showed positive reactions with the thermo-stable lipoprotein--a sensitivity of 88%. No false positive reactions were obtained with sera from healthy individuals or from individuals with parasitic or bacterial infections, and no cross-reactions were observed with sera from individuals with multiple myeloma. The lipoprotein antigen thus showed a specificity of 100%. A sensitivity of 88% was obtained with the indirect haemagglutination test using whole hydatid cyst fluid; but positive reactions were obtained from healthy individuals and from individuals with schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, taeniasis and malaria. No cross-reactions were obtained with sera from patients with gonorrhoea, syphilis or multiple myeloma. Because of the high sensitivity and specificity shown by the thermo-stable lipoprotein ('Antigen 880'), it is considered that this antigen is more useful than unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis in Kenya.
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PMID:Diagnosis of human hydatid disease in surgically-confirmed cases by the use of the indirect haemagglutination test based on a thermo-stable lipoprotein and on unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid. 260 68

The need for a reliable method for the immunological diagnosis of kala-azar is imperative. Leishmania donovani donovani and L. donovani chagasi culture promastigotes were compared as antigens in a direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Both antigens were successfully employed for the DAT, showing 100% sensitivity and greater than 98% specificity when used to test sera from Brazilian and African kala-azar, Chagas' disease, malaria, filaria and syphilis patients, and on sera from Brazilian controls. Cross-reactions were sometimes observed when cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis patient sera were tested. The cross-reactions were completely abolished by the addition of 0.78% 2-mercaptoethanol to the serum diluent. These data show that this improved DAT can be used for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.
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PMID:Leishmania donovani donovani and Leishmania donovani chagasi as antigens in a direct agglutination assay for the diagnosis of kala-azar. 262 Jan 71

This communication reports on the usefulness of the IHA test and the ELISA in the diagnosis of human hydatid disease. The study was conducted on 40 surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease, 40 normal individuals, and sera from individuals with various parasitic infections and other conditions namely: hook-worm-8, taeniasis-5, schistosomiasis-10, malaria-15, visceral leishmaniasis-12, multiple myeloma-3, syphilis-6, and gonorrhoea-10. The results show a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 100%. The results indicate that it is no longer scientifically rational to hold the view that the Turkana do not mount adequate immune response against Echinococcus infections.
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PMID:Usefulness of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis. 267 69

From 1980 to 1985, 14,465 refugees arrived in Israel from Ethiopia. Typhoid fever, tuberculosis, or malaria was present in 1.8% to 9% of immigrants; as many as 93% were infested with intestinal parasites. Extreme malnutrition was common, and serologic evidence of syphilis and hepatitis B was frequently encountered. A program for diagnosis, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis following the massive influx of African refugees is described.
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PMID:Infectious disease among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. 291 1

A number of viruses, parasites and bacteria can be transmitted by blood. Blood seronegative for cytomegalovirus (CMV), effectively prevents CMV infection in seronegative bone marrow recipients. Such blood is available at larger blood transfusion services. Immune anti-CMV globulin can also be helpful in protection of transplant recipients. Human T-lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1) causing leukemia and myelopathy can also be transmitted by blood. Blood banks are considering donor screening in areas where the prevalence of this virus is significant. Parvoviruses that may cause crises in haemolytic anaemias present a potential hazard of transfusion. Malaria and syphilis are currently not very important infectious complications of transfusion, whereas prolonged storage of platelets has reemphasised the risk of bacterial growth in blood products.
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PMID:Transfusion transmitted infectious agents, excluding hepatitis and human immunodeficiency viruses. 306 85

AIDS in rural Africa seems to differ in its epidemiology from hepatitis B and appears to be spread predominantly by preexisting patterns of heterosexual activity responsible for high rates of other sexually transmitted diseases. The authors compared the seroepidemiologies of AIDS, hepatitis B, and syphilis at 2 rural hospitals in southwest Uganda. During August 1986, 3% of 357 outpatients, reflecting the age and sex composition of the general population, were anti-HIV positive. Anti-HIV seropositivity, both in the outpatients and among 36 suspected prostitutes and 14 suspected AIDS cases, was confined to individuals aged 20 or over. For men, seropositivity was associated with sexual contact with prostitutes (a risk factor for 61% of young men in the study). In the prostitute group, 25% were anti-HIV positive and 46% were positive on the Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA) test for syphilis. The risk factors for HIV, but not hepatitis B, were the same as for having a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD). However, there was, surprisingly, an association between a history of STD and seropositivity for hepatitis B virus but not for HIV infection. The geographical and age distributions of seropositivity for HIV and hepatitis B virus were also quite different. Finally, blood transfusions, scarification, and exposure to mosquitoes (as assessed by a history of malaria) were not evident risk factors for either HIV or hepatitis B virus.
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PMID:Risk factors for the spread of AIDS in rural Africa: evidence from a comparative seroepidemiological survey of AIDS, hepatitis B and syphilis in southwestern Uganda. 314 Aug 31


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