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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although cerebral angiography should be approached with caution in the diagnosis of inflammatory cerebro-vascular disease there are some characteristic angiographic findings which may be helpful for classification and differential diagnosis. The proximal cerebral arteries are favourably affected by basal meningitis and thrombangiitis obliterans with resulting stenoses and occlusions. Whereas those inflammations originating from neighbouring skull structures mostly involve the intracavernous parts of the carotid artery, the tuberculous and mycotic arteritis prefer the supraclinoid carotid siphon. Peripheral vascular changes are found in luetic endangiitis, necrotizing and toxic angiitis and in collagenoses. Simultaneous involvement of the temporal arteries is of great diagnostic importance demonstrating the systemic character of the inflammatory process; in Horton's arteritis it can be a pathognomonic finding. Infectious endocarditis, some mycoses and malaria may lead to embolic occlusion of cerebral vessels. Mycotic aneurysms mostly have a broad base or a fusiform shape and do not prefer the localizations of congenital aneurysms. Angiographically, abscesses, tuberculomas and viral encephalitis may result in circumscribed hypervascularized areas. The characteristic angiographic findings are exemplified and discussed on the basis of 8 cases of inflammatory cerebro-vascular disease (tuberculosis, pneumococcal and unspecific bacterial meningitis, syphilis, mycosis, Takayasu-syndrome, panarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis).
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PMID:[Inflammatory cerebro-vascular disease: angiographic findings and distribution patterns (author's transl)]. 0 27

A review of 1987 patients with uveitis seen over an 11-year period in Bendel State of Nigeria has been undertaken; 56% of cases had a posterior/mid-peripheral uveitis, 15.1% a panuveitis, 21.5% an anterior uveitis. Acute anterior uveitis with classical symptoms was rarely seen. Its comparative rarity is presumably due to the absence of HL-A27 in Africans and altered immunological states from malaria and parasitic infections. Identified aetiological factors in anterior uveitis were leprosy (1 patient), tuberculosis (1 patient), herpes zoster (16 patients), and onchocerciasis (3 patients). The great majority of cases of posterior uveitis were of presumed toxoplasmic origin. Further studies are needed to demonstrate its mode of transmission in a population in which toxoplasmosis is endemic. Forest onchocerciasis is not a major cause of uveitis in southern Nigeria in the same way as savanna onchocerciasis is in northern Nigeria. Syphilis seems to play no part in the causation of uveitis in southern Nigeria. Better diagnostic facilities are required to determine the role of sarcoidosis and other possible causative factors. Uveitis is a major cause of blindness in Nigeria.
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PMID:The problem of uveitis in Bendel State of Nigeria: experience in Benin City. 56 37

Utilizing cryostat sections of mouse heart as antigen, antibodies in the sera of patients with Chagas' disease were investigated for autoimmune-type interation. Sera from 47 normal, 70 patients with various contagious diseases, 116 sera from persons with leishmaniasis, and 90 from persons with Chagas' disease were evaluated. Antibodies in 44% of the sera tested from persons from Chile with xenodiagnostically proven infections of Chagas' disease showed antibodies that interacted with the heart sections of 65 sera from Brazil, 29 were positive by the complement fixation test, and 25 of these reacted with the heart sections. Of the 116 leishmania sera, 24 (20.7%) were reactive in the test. A second type of staining of heart tissue reported for patients with leishmaniasis was observed in 23 sera from patients with this disease and 34 sera from patients with syphilis, rheumatic fever, and malaria. This reaction was not observed in normal sera or in sera from patients with Chagas' disease.
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PMID:Evaluation of an autoimmune type antibody in the sera of patients with Chagas' disease. 82 45

Membranous nephropathy (MN) accounts for about 20 percent of cases of the nephrotic syndrome. The importance of renal biopsy in establishing the diagnosis is emphasized. In the great majority of MN patients, no etiologic factor can be discerned. In a significant minority, MN appears to be a manifestation of sarcoidosis, diabetes, lupus, syphilis, malaria, or toxicity from heavy metals or drugs. In some cases the "cause" is neoplasia (including lymphoma) or a viral infection. Massive proteinuria, hypoproteinemia and edema are the principal manifestations of MN, finally resulting in renal failure. Treatment consists chiefly of diet and diuretic drugs. In the more pronounced cases, corticosteroids may have a favorable effect and in very resistant cases, cyclophosphamide is indicated. Judicious use of these modalities if often associated with the diminution or disappearance of the clinical signs of MN.
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PMID:Membranous nephropathy: an overview. 120 87

Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) purified from patients with autoimmune disease have recently been shown to interact with a phospholipid-binding plasma protein, beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta 2-GPI). The aim of this study was to determine whether aCL purified from patients with infection also interact with beta 2-GPI. aCL purified from 23 patients with malaria, infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis A or syphilis did not require the presence of beta 2-GPI to bind cardiolipin (CL). In contrast, aCL were purified from 11 out of 12 patients with autoimmune disease that bound CL only in the presence of beta 2-GPI. Thrombotic complications appear to be associated with aCL occurring in autoimmune disease but not with aCL associated with infections. We postulate that this increased risk of thrombosis in the autoimmune group may be due to the presence of aCL that bind CL in association with beta 2-GPI, a plasma protein with anticoagulant activity.
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PMID:A phospholipid-beta 2-glycoprotein I complex is an antigen for anticardiolipin antibodies occurring in autoimmune disease but not with infection. 130 67

A commercial EIA for the detection of antibody to Trypanosoma cruzi was clinically evaluated. The primary use of this test is in the diagnosis and screening of donated blood in Latin America. When compared with sera positive by xenodiagnosis, the assay had a clinical sensitivity of 100%. When tested against matched hemagglutination (HA) and immunofluorescence (IFA) results (i.e., when both tests gave negative results) the EIA had a specificity of 99.03% (305/308). The cross-reactivity of this test was determined using sera from malaria and leishmaniasis patients (obtained from Africa, ensuring that the sera did not contain Chagasic antibodies) and from schistosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, and systemic lupus erythematosus samples. The EIA was 100% specific whereas IFA or commercially available HA kits from Latin America cross-reacted with several of the samples. In this investigation, the EIA appeared to be at least as sensitive and more specific than IFA or HA in the serodiagnosis of Chagas' disease.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of an EIA for the sensitive and specific detection of serum antibody to Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' disease). 153 65

Subfecundity is caused by disease and nutrition as well as by genetic, environmental, and psychological components. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by 21 different pathogens of which syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia are the most important. Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum with incidence of 10% in Thailand. 20% in Papua New Guinea, and 40% in Ethiopia. Stillbirths in infected mothers range from 66% to 80%. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoea and its incidence was 18% in female patients in Ugandan clinic. 20% of women in Africa with cervical gonorrhea develop salpingitis. The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease is several times higher in IUD users. The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis caused infertility in 15.4% of men in a 1991 study. Herpes simplex virus 2 infects 15-30% of sexually active adults, and the chance of fetal transmission is 40% when maternal lesions are present. Diseases other than STDs include tuberculosis (TB) whose development is aided by conditions such as malnutrition, malaria, leprosy, syphilis, and African sleeping sickness. Genital TB causes a 5-50% rate of menstrual disorders including amenorrhea and a 55-85% rate of sterility in women. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium protozoa, and the feverish state included by it can lead to oligospermia. Severe malarial anemia can lead to fetal and maternal mortality. The protozoa Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness that produces azoospermia and impairs the pituitary gland and ovaries. Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) and filariasis have less direct effect on fecundity but they negatively impact nutritional status. Maternal nutrition substantially impacts fetal and infant survival. During the Dutch famine of 1944-45 there was a 50% decrease in births 9 months subsequently. A 10-15% weight loss results in amenorrhea.
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PMID:Endemic disease, nutrition and fertility in developing countries. 163 64

Although the major diseases transmitted by transfusion today are AIDS and hepatitis, many others also are known. These include CMV, syphilis, Chagas disease, babesiosis, parvovirus B19, malaria, Epstein-Barr infection, and many others that have been reported only once or twice. Reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted diseases is a problem for donor centers where donor screening and laboratory testing for possible carriers is undertaken. Physicians should be aware that the potential for disease transmission is always present when transfusions are administered.
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PMID:Transfusion-transmitted diseases other than AIDS and hepatitis. 196 3

WHO's "Health for All by the Year 2000" gives as subsidiary objective number 5 "The elimination of measles, poliomyelitis, neonatal tetanus, congenital sequelae of rubella, diphtheria, congenital syphilis and malaria from the European region by the year 2000". This would be attained by a well organized primary care which guarantees effective epidemiological supervision, a vaccination programme with full support, instruction on the risks associated with syphilis, and screening and eventual treatment of pregnant women. It was earlier declared in Norway that congenital rubella should not occur after 1990. Vaccination is carried out; rubella has long been a notifiable disease, and the incidence thereof in females over the age of 15 years is registered in order to ascertain why and how women are nevertheless infected thereby.
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PMID:[Rubella monitoring in Norway]. 236 93

From the moment WHO was established in 1948, the control of venereal diseases was felt to deserve highest priority, together with activities to control malaria and tuberculosis. International action was needed in view of the high morbidity and mortality from venereal diseases, their serious human and social consequences, and the prevalence of congenital syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhoea, chancroid, venereal lymphogranulomatosis, granuloma inguinale). WHO immediately set up a global programme for the control of STDs and, with the participation of other agencies, especially UNICEF, furnished countries with assistance in the form of personnel, equipment and funds for the operation of programmes to assess the extent and impact of STDs and to plan and implement practical measure of control. The 1950s witnessed a steady and considerable decline in syphilis and gonorrhoea and many health authorities relaxed their control activities and efforts to maintain public awareness of the problem. In contrast to the prevailing optimism, WHO repeatedly stressed the possibility of a renewed upsurge of STDs. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a sharp rise in STDs, both in the "classic" diseases (the five venereal diseases mentioned above) and also in the "second generation" STDs (chlamydial infection, genital herpes, human papillomavirus and other infections). Through its programme for the control of STDs, WHO put forward suitably designed control strategies, essentially based on information and education for health, screening for STDs, diagnosis and treatment of cases, contact tracing, and the training of health personnel. By the end of the 1970s, the bacterial, but not the viral STDs, had been contained in the industrialized countries. In many of the developing countries, STDs remained a priority public health problem, above all on account of the seriousness of their sequelae. In 1981, a new sexually transmitted disease-the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-was identified. As of 1982, the WHO Programme on STDs organized meetings to define the extent of the problem, compare experience, promote and coordinate research and propose strategies for prevention. In 1987, WHO established a Global Programme on AIDS. It is clear that the control of STDs is now more than ever a priority. We have strategies for the prevention and control of STDs and the WHO Programme will continue to collaborate closely with countries in strengthening their national control programmes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[The campaign against sexually transmissible diseases and endemic treponematoses]. 245 57


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