Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The antigenicity of promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis (L. b. braziliensis) treated with 1% sodium desoxycholate in 10 mM Tris-Hcl pH 8.2 was analysed by immunoblot using as probes sera from American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL), schistosomiasis, malaria and Chagas' disease. The ACL sera reacted constantly with a 60 kD band. No reactivity to this protein was observed with sera from the other diseases above mentioned indicating that the 60 kD protein may be used in serodiagnosis for ACL.
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PMID:Analysis of the specificity of human antibodies to antigens of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis. 262 43

This communication reports on the usefulness of the IHA test and the ELISA in the diagnosis of human hydatid disease. The study was conducted on 40 surgically confirmed cases of hydatid disease, 40 normal individuals, and sera from individuals with various parasitic infections and other conditions namely: hook-worm-8, taeniasis-5, schistosomiasis-10, malaria-15, visceral leishmaniasis-12, multiple myeloma-3, syphilis-6, and gonorrhoea-10. The results show a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 100%. The results indicate that it is no longer scientifically rational to hold the view that the Turkana do not mount adequate immune response against Echinococcus infections.
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PMID:Usefulness of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis. 267 69

Among the available immuno-diagnostic methods of parasitoses, dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) has been proved to be promising for its high sensitivity and specificity, easy performance, lack of need of special equipment, and consequently its practical usage in field work. In previously reported tests, soluble antigen was used, thus a sonicator and an ultracentrifuge were required to produce the antigen. This paper reports the application of integral P. falciparum as antigen in DIBA to detect antibodies in falciparum malaria cases. Of 52 sera from falciparum malaria patients tested, 49 (94.2%) showed positive reactions, which was similar to the result using soluble antigen in DIBA (96.2%) and was higher than that in IFA (86.5%) and ELISA (80.8%). No false positive was revealed in 48 control sera from healthy individuals and sera from visceral leishmaniasis, paragonimiasis, fasciolopsiasis and schistosomiasis patients.
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PMID:Dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) with integral Plasmodium falciparum as antigen in immuno-diagnosis of falciparum malaria. 270 Aug 44

In 1985, the US Peace Corps developed a computerized epidemiological surveillance system to monitor health trends in over 5500 Peace Corps Volunteers working in development projects in 62 countries worldwide. Data on 31 health conditions and events are collected monthly from each country; quarterly and annual incidence rates are then calculated, and the analysed data are distributed. In 1987, the most commonly reported health problems were diarrhoea (unclassified), 48 cases per 100 volunteers per year; amoebiasis, 24 per 100 volunteers per year; injuries, 20 per 100 volunteers per year; bacterial skin infections, 19 per 100 volunteers per year; and giardiasis 17 per 100 volunteers per year. Tracking each of these common problems, as well as other selected health conditions, guides design of more specific studies and disease control efforts. Health problems with very low rates (less than 1.0/100 volunteers/year) include hepatitis, schistosomiasis, non-falciparum malaria, and filariasis. The epidemiological surveillance system provides the health data needed to plan, implement, and evaluate health programmes for Peace Corps Volunteers, and provides a model for surveillance in other groups of temporary and permanent residents of developing countries.
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PMID:Epidemiological surveillance in Peace Corps Volunteers: a model for monitoring health in temporary residents of developing countries. 272 68

Major problems with a wide array of imperfect tests for diagnosis of amebiasis severely limit the understanding of its magnitude and epidemiology. A greater hindrance is the varied, inconsistent application of existing methods in different areas of the world. The best estimates suggest that probably 480 million people were infected with Entamoeba histolytica and 36 million developed disabling colitis or extraintestinal abscesses in 1981. At least 40 thousand deaths are attributable to amebiasis, and on a global scale, amebiasis likely ranks third among parasitic causes of death, behind only malaria and schistosomiasis. Much remains to be learned of its frequency of occurrence and epidemiology as needed improved diagnostic tools are developed.
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PMID:Problems in recognition and diagnosis of amebiasis: estimation of the global magnitude of morbidity and mortality. 287 19

From 1982 to 1984 170 children of Kikwawila village (Kilombero district, Tanzania) were followed for nutritional (anthropometric measures, hematocrit, serum retinol, prealbumin, and zinc concentrations), parasitological (malaria parasitemia, urinary schistosomiasis, intestinal parasites) and immunological characteristics. Between 2.9% and 12.4% had serum retinol levels less than 100 micrograms/l which indicate deficiency. Retinol concentrations were correlated with age, hematocrits, prealbumin levels and mid upperarm circumferences. The latter correlation may be useful in nutritional surveys and primary health care programs for the identification of populations at risk of retinol deficiency. No association was found between average retinol levels and the presence of parasites, with the exception of malaria. Retinol levels were inversely correlated with malaria parasitemia in 1982, and directly correlated with antibody titers to synthetic sporozoite peptide in 1984. Since retinol, malaria parasitemia, and antisporozoite antibodies increased with age, confounding by age could not be excluded. Six months after administration of ornidazole in a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg, a significant effect on the prevalence of Giardia lamblia was found. Following treatment, average retinol levels were increased in persons with confirmed G. lamblia infections, but not in uninfected or untreated controls.
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PMID:A longitudinal study on relations of retinol with parasitic infections and the immune response in children of Kikwawila village, Tanzania. 289 Dec 70

A monoclonal antibody raised against a non-variable surface antigen of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense procyclic trypomastigotes was used to develop an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of rhodesiense sleeping sickness. The assay was evaluated using 211 sera from clinically suspected cases: 142 from parasitologically proven cases and 69 from patients who were negative on parasitological examination. The test was positive in 128 out of 142 parasitologically proven cases. The negative cases may have been in the early stages of the disease, or may represent patients with antibody levels sufficient to prevent detection of antigen. Of particular significance, however, was the finding that eight of the 69 patients with undiagnosed disease were antigen positive despite the negative parasitological findings. Since false-positive reactions were not observed with blood donor sera, or with sera from malaria, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis patients, it is reasonable to conclude that the eight antigen-positive patients were actual cases of sleeping sickness. The remaining 61 cases who were negative for both parasitaemia and antigenaemia may conceivably represent the variety of diseases whose clinical manifestations resemble those of rhodesiense sleeping sickness. The antigen detection method would thus not only be complementary to parasitological diagnosis, but essential for correct diagnosis in certain stages of the disease.
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PMID:An antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of rhodesiense sleeping sickness. 292 56

This paper reports one study carried out among school children in Nigeria to investigate some of the social and behaviour factors contributing to the transmission of malaria, guineaworm, schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis. Data were gathered from 1310 secondary school children in a rural community. Analysis of data revealed that 70% of students wash and fetch water in the streams and ponds for domestic purposes. More than 70% claimed that their drinking water was pipe borne even though we knew that the taps had been dry for months. Only 29% specified streams, wells, ponds and water holes as sources of water supply. More than 30% claimed to treat their water before drinking in their homes. There is evidence from home visits in the community that a large proportion of the population do very little to improve the quality of drinking water before consumption. With the exception of malaria, the student's knowledge on the causes and prevention of schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis and guineaworm is virtually nil. All of these had implications for an educational intervention plan which was the next phase of the project.
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PMID:Targeting school children for tropical diseases control: preliminary findings from a socio-behaviour research in Nigeria. 294 5

This study was concerned with the demonstration of the outcome of health education in the control of malaria, schistosomiasis, dracontiasis and onchocerciasis in rural secondary schools in Nigeria using a simplified version of Green's antecedent model. Green identified three factors which could contribute to the prevalence of a disease or health problem and they are 'predisposing', 'enabling' and 'reinforcing' factors. Thus educational activities were planned in this project that would affect these three factors. The study was of a quasinon equivalent before and after experimental design. It was carried out in 10 secondary schools grouped into two equal clusters (five each) to form experimental and control groups. The post-intervention findings revealed that there was a significant increase in the knowledge of the four diseases among those in the experimental group over those in the control group. The results also showed that when knowledge was supported by enabling and reinforcing factors, desirable changes could result in the school setting among students.
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PMID:Health education strategies for tropical disease control in school children. 296 98

Immunoparasitology--the study of the immunology of host-parasite relationships--can post some notable research successes over the past decade. Progress towards prophylactic molecularly-defined vaccines against human parasitic diseases such as falciparum malaria, schistosomiasis mansoni and cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as economically-important veterinary parasites, has been good. However, new vaccines are not coming as easily as might be hoped mainly because of several deficiencies in knowledge on the immunology of host-parasite relationships and the unknown relevance of well-characterized model systems to real-life parasitic diseases. In some models, the immunology of resistance and the immunology of disease are understood in broad outline. The availability of isolated antigens and their epitopes has improved quantitation of host immune responses to various life cycle stages of parasites and enabled vaccination efficacy or diagnostic potential to be assessed. One of several major challenges facing the immunoparasitologist interested in vaccine development is overcoming genetically-based unresponsiveness to "oligoepitope", defined-antigen vaccines particularly at the level of helper TH and cytotoxic (Tc) T cells.
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PMID:Immunoparasitology: its contribution to development of new parasite vaccines. 304 55


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