Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Circulating antigen in sera from acute, chronic and late stages of schistosomiasis patients was detected by direct dot-ELISA with monoclonal antibody 3D8A against schistosome gut-associated cathodic antigen linked with peroxidase, the positive rates being 90.6%, 83.2% and 30.7%, respectively. No positive reactions were found with sera from patients of clonorchiasis, malaria and non-parasitic diseases. The positive rate and the circulating antigen level in EPG greater than 100 group of patients were found to be higher than those in EPG less than 100 group. Circulating antigen became negative one year after praziquantel treatment in 84.0% of patients who showed negative fecal examination, while the other patients remained positive with decreasing titers. The results indicated that the circulating antigen in sera from schistosomiasis patients of various stages can be detected by dot-ELISA with monoclonal antibody 3D8A against circulating schistosome gut-associated cathodic antigen. The authors concluded that the circulating antigen level was correlated with the intensity of infection and the efficacy of treatment.
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PMID:[Detection of circulating antigen in schistosomiasis by dot-ELISA with monoclonal antibody]. 212 22

The literature on health implications and effects of government-sponsored resettlement in Ethiopia is reviewed with the objective of providing an initial evaluation of the health status of settlers and the health hazards of resettlement in western Ethiopia. Emphasis is on the 1984/85 resettlement program, which resulted in the movement of about 600,000 drought victims from northern and central Ethiopia to the western part of the country. Malaria, trypanosomiasis, onchocerciasis, yellow fever, nonfilarial elephantiasis, sand-flea infestation, and psychological stress are identified as immediate and greater health hazards than in the areas of settler origin, based on the geographic distribution and ecology of the major communicable, nutritional, and geochemical diseases in Ethiopia, and on the impact of program deficiencies on settler health. More studies are needed on the epidemiology and ecology of bancroftian filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis, dracunculiasis, eye and skin diseases, tuberculosis, meningitis, intestinal parasitism, diarrhea, and calorie/protein malnutrition before their public health and economic significance in settlements can be evaluated. Schistosomiasis appears to be less common, for the time being, in resettlement areas than in the areas of outmigration. Research needs and constraints in resettlement planning, implementation, and operation are identified, and some recommendations made for disease control programs.
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PMID:Health aspects of resettlement in Ethiopia. 218 82

This paper is a review of the interactions between agriculture and vector borne diseases. Rain forest clearing makes possible the development of heliophilous species of anophelines and snails leading to an increase of malaria and schistosomiasis in Africa. But in Asia, clearing is a control method against Anopheles balabacensis, an important malaria vector. Clearing of forest galleries is followed by the disappearance of shore-dwelling tsetse flies. Woodcutters and pioneer farmers are contaminated with arbovirus and leishmaniasis when entering in natural sylvatic foci of these diseases. Management of drinking water reduces guinea worm as well as cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases. More over when piped water becomes available people are no more obliged to store drinking water in containers where vectors use to breed. Reservoirs of dams offer large possibilities for the development of mosquitoes including anophelines vectors of malaria and filariasis and of snails hosts of schistosomiasis. The medical importance of these man-made breeding sites depends of the local epidemiological features of the diseases. Dam spillways provide breeding for blackflies and man-made foci of onchocerciasis have been described in West Africa. Irrigation channels mainly when non cleared of vegetation are good breeding places for anophelines and snails. Irrigated surfaces like rice fields are highly productive in anophelines and other dangerous species of Culicinae. Insecticides used in agriculture, mainly to control cotton and rice pests, have been at the origin of insecticide resistance of several anopheline species. On an other hand, sometimes rice pests control lead to the control of rice field mosquitoes until they become resistant, e.g. for Culex tritaeniorhynchus the vector of Japanese encephalitis in South Korea. Many international organizations have emphasized the role of intersectorial collaboration to control man-made vector borne diseases foci. Good planning of the infrastructures (e.g. twin spillways) and adequate maintenance are essential. Vector control in rice field is a puzzling question. Wet irrigation was a hope but it cannot be done everywhere. Biological control methods have not been proven to be very efficient. Even Bacillus thuringiensis H14 and B. sphaericus have severe limitation. New tools for intersectorial activities should be a goal for scientists imagination.
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PMID:[Agriculture-health interface in the field of epidemiology of vector-borne diseases and the control of vectors]. 220 69

A survey of the health, social and economic problems of the village of A1 Awayda, in Gezira province, Sudan, by medical students, was conducted over 2 weeks as part of their field training research and rural development curriculum. A 40% random household survey was based on a pretested structured questionnaire. The village comprises 195 households of 1201 people, with 40% under 15. As a result of the Sennar Sugar Scheme begun in 1978, 58% of the population work in the sugar factory. Rain-fed crops have failed for the last 2 years because of drought, and subsistence acreage has contracted because of sorghum planting for sugar. Sanitation consists of latrines in 15% of houses. People are at risk of contracting schistosomiasis from crossing the irrigation canal to reach the well. The diet is based on the staple starch, dura in the form of kisra. Breast feeding is continued for 1-2 years, with 47% supplementation by bottle or kisra or rice water at an average of 7 months. The major health problems are malaria, schistosomiasis, cough and diarrhea. 54% of families were immunized. 11.5% of women used modern contraceptives. Non-users cited religion as a reason for non-use. Female circumcision is common. It was recommended that latrines be dug, and that health education, immunization, prenatal care and family planning be provided.
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PMID:Community health in a rural area of Sudan. 221 96

Environmental impact of pesticides used in vector control programmes against Onchocerciasis, Trypanosomiasis, Malaria and Bilharziasis, depends on chemicals used and control strategies. Dealing with the experience of the Onchocerciasis control Programme in West Africa, we introduce in what perspective, it is possible to establish an environmental monitoring programme in order to minimize the impact of treatments. In tropical Africa, vector control chemicals pressure, decreased in the years 1980.
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PMID:[Impact of vector control on the aquatic environment]. 226 73

Molecular biology techniques have contributed, in the last ten years, to a better understanding of parasitic diseases. DNA probes, for example, have been successfully used not only for taxonomic purposes, but also for the diagnosis, the epidemiology and the pathogenicity of these infections. Due to their high sensitivity and specificity, the DNA probes allow, from a diagnostic point of view, the detection of very few of parasites in a given sample. This detection is also valid for any parasitic stage considered. It can be specially used to detect the infective stage in the vector, which, in epidemiological studies, is very important. The identification of parasitic species or sub-species indicates the human infectivity of species considered in the past as zoophilic. Finally, by allowing the specific identification of strains, isolates or even particular clones, the DNA probes also show differences which can be related to pathogenicity, to particular biological characteristics, or even to drug sensitivity. In this review, I relate the main results obtained in malaria and toxoplasmosis in our laboratory in Grenoble. I will also consider some recent data on amoebiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, filariasis, schistosomiasis and echinococcosis.
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PMID:[Molecular probes in the study and diagnosis of parasitic diseases]. 226 90

The registry of patients at the hospital of Kampene, Zaire, covering the period 1986-87 was examined to determine the hospital's rate of utilization and accessibility, to evaluate mortality, and to ascertain the prevalence of infectious diseases. The 1986 data of the hospital laboratory indicated a high incidence of infectious and parasitic diseases: ancylostomiasis (33.6%); ascariasis (22.9%); schistosomiasis (3.4%); multiple intestinal parasitic infections (10.9%); malaria (43%), often chloroquine-resistant; filariasis (70.8%); and alcohol-acid resistant tuberculosis bacilli (15%). Sexually-transmitted diseases such as vaginitis (80%) were caused by polygamy, prostitution, and promiscuity, HIV serodiagnosis could not be performed because of a lack of equipment. A high infant mortality rate was caused by neonatal tetanus, toxic gastroenteritis, measles (5.1% lethality: 2 died out of 39 cases), and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis. Malnutrition caused kwashiorkor and avitaminosis. 792 births were registered at the maternity ward in 1986: 52.8% were male and 47.2% were female; 48 (6.1%) were stillborn or died in the following days; 104 (13.1%) were born prematurely; and 24 (3.1%) were twins. Cesarean section was performed in 43 cases (5.4%). There was a total of 15,099 outpatient visits during a 1-year period. The bed occupancy rate of the surgical ward ranged between .7 and .8 during 1987. Recovery and hospitalization days per doctor or health assistant were very high compared to Italian standards. The lethality of malaria was a high 1.8%, but malnutrition rated even higher: 21.4%. The utilization of the hospital was high, Maternal-child protection measures, especially in the area of nutrition, require the training of community health workers and traditional birth attendants; however, cost-benefit considerations limit resources and the implementation of primary health care is curtailed by economic and cultural factors.
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PMID:[Health care organization and health in a region of Zaire]. 248 74

Most of primary and secondary parasitic liver diseases, at present can be property treated with drugs. Venezuelan pharmaceutic market has some peculiarities that have determined the disappearance from the market of many drugs such as emetine, thiabendazole, quinacrine and niclosamide. Diloxanide never appeared. Venezuela has no commercial international treatises that protect international patents in the pharmaceutical area. In addition, government regulation of cost of drugs is very strict. This is particularly true with old drugs (such as emetine or quinacrine) which had such a low price that is non-commercial for the maker of the drug, usually a large transnational, and is withdrawn from the market. Flexibility of prices is quite easy for new antibiotics which are very expensive. Frequently small national companies import the drug from Italy and Japan which sell the drug independently from international treats. Such companies frequently produce the drug for the government social system, but are unreliable and also frequently they withdraw the drug a variable period of time. The government, through the Ministry of Public Health administer free treatment with drugs for malaria, tuberculosis and leprosy. The severe economic crisis of the country has severely impaired the preventive programs and there is an increase of malaria due to gold mining in the south of the country and falciparum chloroquine resistance and an increase of schistosomiasis in a previous free area. Also administration of drugs for malaria has been severely impaired, mainly for economic reasons. The establishment of a National Government Laboratory is an old (as far as 1946) political goal, but has remained in the political intention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Treatment of parasitic liver diseases]. 253 55

A total of 204 sera, taken from healthy individuals or from individuals with various parasitic and bacterial infections, were examined by the indirect haemagglutination test. The tests were carried out using either a thermo-stable lipoprotein or unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid, and a titre of 1:64 or above was considered positive. Sixty-two of 70 sera from individuals with surgically-confirmed hydatid disease showed positive reactions with the thermo-stable lipoprotein--a sensitivity of 88%. No false positive reactions were obtained with sera from healthy individuals or from individuals with parasitic or bacterial infections, and no cross-reactions were observed with sera from individuals with multiple myeloma. The lipoprotein antigen thus showed a specificity of 100%. A sensitivity of 88% was obtained with the indirect haemagglutination test using whole hydatid cyst fluid; but positive reactions were obtained from healthy individuals and from individuals with schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, taeniasis and malaria. No cross-reactions were obtained with sera from patients with gonorrhoea, syphilis or multiple myeloma. Because of the high sensitivity and specificity shown by the thermo-stable lipoprotein ('Antigen 880'), it is considered that this antigen is more useful than unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid in the diagnosis of human hydatidosis in Kenya.
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PMID:Diagnosis of human hydatid disease in surgically-confirmed cases by the use of the indirect haemagglutination test based on a thermo-stable lipoprotein and on unfractionated hydatid cyst fluid. 260 68

Hawata District (Kassala Province) is one of the known endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. The co-endemicity with malaria, enteric fever, tuberculosis and brucellosis together with the limited medical laboratory facilities, rendered differential diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in this area, rather difficult. Two-hundred and three serum samples, including 49 collected from patients treated earlier as visceral leishmaniasis cases, were tested in a developed direct agglutination test (DAT). 100% concordance was found between the DAT results and the parasitological diagnosis in 40 confirmed cases. In nine unconfirmed, however highly suspected cases, the DAT results indicated visceral leishmaniasis. Significant improvements in the condition of those nine patients was observed during the therapeutic test and later on after a full course of treatment with sodium antimony gluconate (pentostam). DAT titres in the other serum samples (154), collected from patients with malaria, enteric fever, brucellosis and schistosomiasis and from endemic controls were below the cut-off titre (1:3200). Considering the low costs involved, easiness in performance and stability of the antigen, the DAT appears to possess high potential for routine application in Sudan.
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PMID:Potential of a direct agglutination test (DAT) for detection of visceral leishmaniasis in a known endemic area in Sudan. 262 31


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