Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review describes the transmission, clinical picture and immunological abnormalities of HIV infection in children in general, and the special problems of AIDS in African children. The review begins with a thorough introduction to the epidemiology of AIDS. Transmission to children generally involves vertical transmission by placental transfer or transmission of HIV via transfusion of blood and blood products, or by contaminated needles. Casual transfer is unknown, and only a few cases of transmission via breast milk are known. The clinical picture of HIV infection in infants and children differs from that in adults in 3 important aspects: earlier onset, different clinical presentation and existence of AIDS embryopathy. The average onset was 5 months of age. The most common symptoms in young children are chronic interstitial pneumonitis without demonstrable etiology, hepatomegaly, failure to thrive, adenopathy, diarrhea, oral or perineal thrush, eczema and thrombocytopenia. The common opportunistic infections are pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Cryptosporidium diarrhea, pyogenic infections of the middle ear and gram-negative septicemia. Several infections seen in adult AIDS cases are rare in children: mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, toxoplasma gondii, hepatitis B, as well as Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma and cardiac abnormalities. The AIDS embryopathy or HIV dysmorphic syndrome is characterized by immunological abnormalities, growth failure, and craniofacial dysmorphism, particularly microcephaly, prominent box-like forehead, hypertelorism, flattened nasal bridge, obliquity of the eyes, blue sclerae and patulous lips. AIDS in African children is extremely difficult to diagnose because of similarities between the presenting symptoms and those commonly seen in sick children there, many of whom are also immune compromised. Where serotesting is available, the picture is complicated by cross reaction between the test agents and some factor found in sera from malaria patients. Seropositivity in some areas is high, increased by the prevalence of transfusion and injection treatments. Diagnosis is made more difficult by lack of laboratory facilities and difficulties in follow-up for pediatric patients. The CDC definitions of AIDS and ARC, and the WHO/CDC definitions of AIDS are appended.
 ...
PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection in childhood. 245 15

17 Caucasian patients with aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) contracted after long stays in Africa are reported. All 17 patients had previously been healthy; AIDS was diagnosed in them in France after July, 1983, except in 2 patients who were admitted to hospital before 1981. AIDS was diagnosed according to the Centers for Disease Control criteria--severe opportunistic infection or Kaposi's sarcoma. After 1983 every patient was given a questionnaire about where he or she had travelled in Africa, his or her profession, previous venereal disease or malaria, and sexual activity. It seems likely that these patients contracted HIV infection in Central Africa. The picture of the disease was similar to that in patients in other AIDS risk groups. Malaria was the only parasitic disease found in 2 of the patients, and there was no evidence of correlation between hepatitis B and AIDS in these patients. No patient was a hemophiliac or an intravenous-drug abuser, and only 1 patient had received a blood transfusion. Injections in Africa do not appear to be involved in the transmission of AIDS; in these patients, injections were carried out with sterile equipment. The study confirms that prostitutes constitute a reservoir of HIV, particularly in Central Africa, and suggest that the virus will continue to spread through heterosexual contacts. Public health programs are urgently needed to limit sexual contacts with people at risk of transmitting AIDS in Africa and to promote the use of condoms.
 ...
PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome after travelling in Africa: an epidemiological study in seventeen Caucasian patients. 288 Nov 42

2 cases are reported from Nigeria of patients with illnesses compatible with a diagnosis of AIDS, but whose serum was HIV-negative. The 1st patient had Kaposi's sarcoma and cervical lymphadenopathy. The 2nd patient had lymph node tuberculosis and generalized lymphadenopathy. The 1st patient had had intramuscular injections for malaria at a local pharmacy, and the 2nd patient had received a blood transfusion after an appendectomy. They may have been infected with HIV-related but antigenically distinct retroviruses.
 ...
PMID:Deaths from AIDS-like illnesses in west Africans. 323 78

The characteristics of AIDS in Africa differ sharply from those in North America with respect to diagnosis and epidemiology, and in a clinical sense. The study of 78 patients treated in Kinshasa, Zaire during the period of October 1983-July 1984 yielded the following results: 159 out of a total of 1051 hospitalized patients were suspected of having AIDS, and there were 78 proven cases (54 of them died). The average age of 40 women and 38 men was 27 and 31 years, respectively, and the ratio of married people was 35% and 74%, respectively, with a lot of men living in polygamous relationships. In the first stage of the disease weight loss appeared in 100%, recurrent diarrhea in 83.3%, significant loss of strength in 75.6%, febrile conditions in 68.3%, and skin lesions in 58.9%. The ratio of men to women was 5:5, since heterosexuality and polygamy prevailed. Cigarette smoking was the main addition, thus drug addition per se did not appear as a risk factor. Blood transfusions occurred frequently (for instance, in malaria), but hemophilic patients receiving lyophilized preparations were rare. Haitians visited in fairly large numbers after the 1960's propagating the risk of AIDS. Black Africans accounted for 100% of cases. The number of concomitant, opportunistic diseases in AIDS patients in Zaire were: 34 cases of tuberculosis, 32 cases of candidiasis, 30 fungal infections, 21 Herpes labialis and/or genitalis, 19 cases of dermal and cerebral cryptococcosis, 12 cases of cryptosporidiosis, 9 cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, 5 cases of Herpes zoster, 3 cases of aseptic cerebral infections, 3 cases of coccidiosis, 2 cases of toxoplasmosis, and 1 case of pneumonia (Pneumocystis). Tuberculosis, cryptococcosis, cryptosporidiosis, and toxicosis were more frequent opportunistic diseases in Zaire than in the U.S.A., while pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis and Kaposi's sarcoma were relatively rare.
 ...
PMID:[Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the African environment]. 382 54

Babesiosis is a malaria-like parasitic disease causing subclinical or mild illness in most cases. Splenectomized patients, however, may experience a more severe course. Although generally responsive to antibiotic therapy, several cases of severe babesiosis refractory to appropriate antibiotic therapy have been reported to respond promptly and dramatically to red blood cell (RBC) exchange transfusion. Although the role of HIV coinfection in babesiosis is uncertain, two previously reported cases raise a concern that it may predispose to a more severe clinical course. We report a third case of severe babesiosis in an HIV-positive splenectomized man, following travel to an endemic area. Antibiotic therapy, though initially effective, ultimately failed to prevent severe disease. RBC exchange transfusion resulted in prompt clinical improvement, which has been sustained during 26 months of follow-up. Although the patient has since developed various sequelae of HIV infection, including disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma, CMV retinitis, and enteritis, there has been no recurrence of observable parasitemia. In severe babesiosis, RBC exchange transfusion, combined with appropriate antibiotic therapy, appears to be a rapidly effective therapeutic modality which can induce sustained remissions.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of babesiosis by red blood cell exchange in an HIV-positive, splenectomized patient. 822 9

The total incidence of childhood cancer varies rather little between different regions of the world, with cumulative risk to age 15 nearly always in the range 1.0-2.5 per thousand. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, especially in early childhood, is most common in populations of high socio-economic status and is the most frequent childhood cancer in all industrialised countries. The risk of Burkitt's lymphoma is highest in tropical Africa and Papua New Guinea; it is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection and intense immune stimulation by malaria. Other lymphomas are also relatively common in developing countries. Non-heritable retinoblastoma has a higher incidence among less affluent populations, suggesting an association with poor living conditions and maybe an infectious aetiology. In contrast, the incidence of Wilms' tumour and Ewing's sarcoma varies largely on ethnic lines, indicating a strong role for genetic predisposition. Much of the variation in recorded incidence of brain tumours and neuroblastoma may be due to varying levels of case ascertainment. Recently the incidence of childhood Kaposi's sarcoma has risen substantially in parts of Africa severely affected by the AIDS epidemic.
 ...
PMID:Geographic and ethnic variations in the incidence of childhood cancer. 903 26

A rare case and the first reported in Italy of a classic form of colorectal Kaposi's sarcoma, associated with ulcerative rectocolitis, is presented. Following a total proctocolectomy, the patient was disease-free at four years. Some epidemiological risk factors such as sex, age, place of birth and both advanced malaria and immunodepressive therapies have also been evaluated. Thus far, only five similar cases have been reported in the literature. However, the epidemiological, clinical and prognostic features of this form of Kaposi's sarcoma must still be investigated.
 ...
PMID:Colorectal Kaposi's sarcoma in an HIV-negative male in association with ulcerative rectocolitis: a case report. 1065 90

In two formerly malarious parts of Italy, age-related seroprevalence rates of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV8)] were determined from local blood donors and correlated with periods of vector control during anti-malaria campaigns. In Veneto, decreased KSHV/HHV8 seroprevalence in the 1951-1955 birth cohort coincides with the peak of DDT house-spraying. In Sardinia, where larviciding augmented indoor DDT-spraying, a significant drop of KSHV/HHV8 seroprevalence between 1945 and 1950 and 1951-1955 birth cohorts (P = 0.0046) coincides with suppression of the malaria vector Anopheles labranchiae Falleroni (Diptera: Culicidae). These results are consistent with age-related association between KSHV/HHV8 seroprevalence rates in native/resident populations and the density of malaria vectors in Veneto and Sardinia. This example supports our 'promoter arthropod' hypothesis on the role of haematophagous insects [putatively blackflies (Simuliidae), sandflies (Phlebotominae) and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), as well as mosquitoes] when their bites induce hypersensitivity and immunosuppression, potentiate KSHV/HHV8 transmission via human saliva (when insect bite lesions are licked by another person whose saliva carries the virus) and may facilitate Kaposi's sarcoma.
 ...
PMID:Reduced seroprevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), related to suppression of Anopheles density in Italy. 1465 63

Artesunate (ART) is a semi-synthetic derivative of the sesquiterpene artemisinin used for the second line therapy of malaria infections with Plasmodium falciparum. ART also inhibits growth of many transformed cell lines. In the present investigation, we show that ART inhibited the growth of normal human umbilical endothelial cells and of KS-IMM cells that we have established from a Kaposi's sarcoma lesion obtained from a renal transplant patient. The growth inhibitory activity correlated with the induction of apoptosis in KS-IMM cells. Apoptosis was not observed in normal endothelial cells, which, however, showed drastically increased cell doubling times upon ART treatment. ART strongly reduced angiogenesis in vivo in terms of vascularization of Matrigel plugs injected subcutaneously into syngenic mice. We conclude that ART represents a promising candidate drug for the treatment of the highly angiogenic Kaposi's sarcoma. As a low-cost drug, it might be of particular interest for areas of Kaposi's sarcoma endemics. ART could be useful for the prevention of tumor angiogenesis.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo and growth of Kaposi's sarcoma xenograft tumors by the anti-malarial artesunate. 1554 82

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequencies of opportunistic diseases among AIDS patients at the Jeanne Ebori Foundation (JEF) in Libreville, Gabon. A total 6313 file of patients treated in the internal medicine unit between 1994 and 1998 were analyzed. Findings showed that the main diseases related to AIDS classified according to seroprevalence were as follows: purigo (100%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (100%), oral candidiaisis (88%), bacteremia (87.8%), shingles (84.6%), minor salmonelosis (72%), and tuberclosis. The main diagnoses unrelated to AIDS at the JEF according to seroprevalene were typhoid (9.4%), common pneumonia (28%), bacterial meningitis (26.3%, hepatitis B (20.0%), and malaria (14%). In addition to these diseases there were nine cases of Kaposi's sarcoma, four cases of isosporosis, two cases of cryptococcosis, two cases of herpes Varicella, one case of cryptosporidiosis, and one case of isosporosis. The incidence of opportunistic disease was high in our study and must be taken in drug procurement.
 ...
PMID:[Opportunistic diseases in HIV-infected patients at the Jeanne Ebori Foundation in Libreville, Gabon]. 1677 41


1 2 3 Next >>