Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the tropics and sub-tropics, poliomyelitis is characterized by a high non-seasonal case-rate, very young victims and a predominance of leg paralysis following injections. It is proposes that this could be caused by infection of immunosuppressed infants with poliovirus of low virulence following mal-nutrition, infections with malaria and measles and treatment by injections. Vaccination policies are briefly reviewed and the complete safety of inactivated and oral poliovaccines in the tropics is queried on theoretical grounds. Even if injections are coincident with and not causal of paralysis, it may be difficult to persuade parents of this .
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PMID:Is poliomyelitis in the tropics provoked by injections? 628 92

Paralysis from poliomyelitis may follow injections yet injections are extremely popular in the Third World. Some injections are given by hospital doctors and nurses but the majority are given by traditional healers, pharmacists and paramedical workers who have acquired syringes. Many injections may be given to a sick child. I suggest that the early use of vaccines did not persuade people of the mystic of injections and that the mystic predated the use of penicillin. The earliest mystical result would have been the injection of quinine for malaria and antrypal for sleeping sickness. The words brilliant, spectacular and dramatic were first used to describe the mass campaigns against yaws and kala-azar in the 1920s and 1930s. A single injection healed the ugly lesions in a week: cause and effect were visible. In the 1950s penicillin was used in mass eradication campaigns. The countries where injections are so popular correspond roughly with the areas of mass eradication programmes. Many or perhaps most of the injections are not sterile and present a great risk of attendant paralysis. Proof that injections are causal may be impossible. Meanwhile we need to know why injections are so popular and how they can be less so.
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PMID:The popularity of injections in the Third World: origins and consequences for poliomyelitis. 651 26

To facilitate understanding of the advances in health care in Nicaragua since 1979, this discussion examines them within a historical framework. Nicaragua was occupied by US marines almost continuously from 1909-33. In 1933, their withdrawal left in power the US backed National Guard and the 1st dictator, Anastasio Somoza Garcia. Health conditions under the Somoza regime are difficult to evaluate because lack of data and underreporting were the norm. The health care system under Somoza was administered by 23 separate agencies, including the National Social Security Institute (INSS), a national Ministry of Health, independent local health ministries, and autonomous public hospital governing boards. On July 19, 1979, the dictatorship was overthrown in a popular uprising. Somoza left behind a foreign debt of 1.6 billion dollars, which the Sandinista Front for National Liberation (FSLN) needed to honor to qualify for needed loans. Following Somoza's defeat, the new government faced the problem of how to care for the tens of thousands of persons wounded and how to distribute the aid and medical supplies coming in from other countries. The key to achieving these tasks was popular participation and organization. By the early part of 1980, the new government was addressing more directly the organization of the health care system. Unlike the fragmented services under Somoza, health care in the new Nicaragua fell under the control of a unified Ministry of Health (MINSA). In 1980, the FSLN initiated an intensive campaign against illiteracy, 100,000 young Nicaraguans, called "brigadistas," were trained and sent around the country to teach basic reading and writing. In addition, 1 out of 10 was trained in elementary health principles. They were responsible for educating others about hygiene and basic sanitation as well as distributing antimalarial medication. 5 popular Health Campaigns were waged during 1981 against polio; measles, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus; rabies; poor sanitation; and malaria. Since women and children make up about 75% of the population, maternal and child health is a priority. The Sandinistas' approach to diarrhea and dehydration, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children, has been the creation of over 200 oral rehydration units. The purpose of these units, in addition to the oral replacement of an appropriate salt and glucose solution, is to educate health care workers about the prevention and treatment of diarrheal disease. The education of health care workers also has been a priority. With increased access to health services, there is a chronic shortage of supplies and personnel and capital to build new facilities. International aid has been very important to health. Diverting funds away from Nicaraguan destabilization and toward social needs here in the US would have a positive impact on health services for the people of both Nicaragua and the US.
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PMID:Health care in Nicaragua: a social and historical perspective. 659 13

The different vaccination programs in a large chemical company with 12,000 co-workers are discussed. On the one hand mass-vaccinations against influenza, tetanus, and polio are carried out; on the other hand attention is paid to special target groups (people on business trips, members of agro units who have to work several months in the tropics under bad hygienic conditions, laboratory personal which has daily contact with human blood, serum, urine, and faeces). On all this people special vaccinations are performed which are discussed in detail. Moreover great attention is paid on a regular and effective malaria prophylaxis in all co-workers travelling and working in the tropics.
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PMID:[A comprehensive vaccination program as a preventive contribution in a large-scale chemical industry]. 670 14

Physicians counseling patients who are planning major travels should make sure that baseline immunizations (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio, measles, rubella) and any necessary boosters are current. In addition, several other immunizations may be warranted (yellow fever, typhoid, and cholera), depending on destination(s) and itinerary, and prophylaxis for malaria may be advisable. As worldwide requirements for immunization do change, the physician should verify current requirements before planning an immunization schedule for a particular patient.
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PMID:Immunization. Around the world in 80 shots. 682 57

Health care problems are discussed by an employee of the Mozambican maternal and child health service. The most serious problems for children are malnutrition, infectious diseases, and a high incidence of illnesses in children under 5. The main objectives of health centers are to improve hygiene, combat tuberculosis, leprosy, and malaria as well as to provide maternal and child health care, including family planning. Trained staff advise pregnant women, and examine prospective mothers for anemia, malaria, and tetanus. Information on proper nutrition is provided, and every mother gets iron and folic acid pills, in addition to the antimalarial drug choloroquine. Incidences of tetanus in newborns have declined sharply in areas where a vaccination program has been carried out. By classifying the risk level of pregnant women, so-called "risk mothers" can be identified. Family planning methods include low-dose oral contraceptives, IUDs (the "spiral"), condoms, and foam. Regular weighing, examination, and vaccination of children is provided until age 5. Infant mortality is high, at least 150/1000 births, most of which are caused by diseases such as untreated diarrhea and measles. Malnourished children get specialized care, and vaccinations against polio, tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, and measles are compulsory as is administration of chloroquine against malaria. Mobile teams of SMI (maternal-infant service) scan the countryside in remote areas where there is no village health center. Health personnel take a 6-month training course before being placed in charge of a village's hygiene, vaccination, and other tasks. The decline in illiteracy rates has resulted in better health of the population. The shortage of qualified health workers has been eased by an increase in the number of nursing and pediatric health care students. Finally, international assistance extended by the world Health Organization, Swedish-African aid organizations, and SIDA are contributing to the praiseworthy efforts of the Mozambican government to improve maternal and child health.
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PMID:[Big venture to improve children's health]. 692 Sep 76

The 4 year war that resulted in the overthrow of Nicaragua's Somoza dictatorship cost 50,000 lives. In 1972 an earthquake killed 20,000 with 10,000 injured. Under Somoza health conditions had been worse than in neighboring countries with 35% of the urban and 95% of the rural population lacking access to potable water and only about 10% of the population receiving adequate medical care. 1/3 of the people contracted malaria at least once in their lives and 46-83% of the children were malnourished. Life expectancy at the time of the revolution was 52.9 years, infant mortality was between 120-140/1000. Since July 1979, however, about 70% of the people have regular medical care and health care education campaigns are widespread. Public health programs have administered vaccinations to thousands of children and literacy programs have incorporated elementary health principles into their curricula. However, despite these efforts malaria continued to rise from 4.4 people/1000 in 1978 to 9.4/1000 in 1980. After an antimalarial drug campaign in 1981, a 98% decline was noted in new cases of malaria. Poliomyelitis and tuberculosis prevention campaigns are likewise effective and oral rehydration centers have been set up to combat infant diarrhea. Having recently experienced a baby boom, a campaign to disseminate family planning information is being planned. Technical and professional health training has been expanded as well with a second medical school opening in Managua in 1981 along with growth in the amount of nursing school students. International aid has been crucial in health care with more than 24 countries sending medical supplies and personnel. Lack of equipment and facilities is holding back medical advances and there is a dilemma concerning physicians' time spent at public versus their private practices. Drugs remain the largest health import for the country even though their pharmaceutical manufacturers have increased production. 5 new hospitals are being built with the government's health expenditures rising from 6 to 17% of the national budget. In just 3 years more has been done in most areas of social welfare than in the 50 years of Somoza dictatorship and these efforts indicate a profound change in Nicaraguan society.
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PMID:Developments in health care in Nicaragua. 708 11

A survey is given of the occurrence of communicable diseases in the Federal Republic of Germany including Berlin (West) in 1979. The epidemiological situation was dominated by salmonellosis, infectious hepatitis, scarlet fever, and meningitis. There was a striking increase in imported tropical diseases, such as malaria and leprosy. Poliomyelitis continued to decrease. There was an insignificant number of influenza cases in the winter 79/80. Due to the coming into force of the Amendment of the Federal Communicable Diseases Act on 1 January 1980 the obligation to notify communicable diseases has been changed in some respects. Moreover, the statistical data on communicable diseases have been collected and published only quarterly.
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PMID:[The epidemiologic situation of infectious disease in West Germany in 1979]. 721 10

A serological survey in the Gezira area of the Sudan confirmed that malaria and schistosomiasis were highly endemic. Of other parasitic infections amoebiasis was common but Toxoplasma was less than found in a previous survey. Poliomyelitis and measles infection were universal and there was an extremely high incidence of infection with hepatitis B. Of arboviruses infection with flaviviruses was frequent and more than with alphaviruses.
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PMID:A seroepidemiological survey in the Gezira, Sudan, with special reference to arboviruses. 721 4

The world epidemiological situation shows to day an important set back of past pandemic diseases. The International Health Regulation (IHR) will soon include only three diseases. The three others will be added to the diseases under international surveillance: poliomyelitis, epidemic influenza and malaria. These satisfactory results have been obtained partially by the the application of the IHR. Nevertheless, some other infectious diseases appear potentially dangerous (for instance, the viral african haemorrhagic fevers). Moreover, many residual forms of pestilential diseases are persisting and give them a renewed and present interest. Subjects to new arrangements in the form and in the mind, the maintenance of an international health legislation will be always a necessity. The face that this convention undergoes frequent infringements does not prevent that, contrary to the appearances, it is finally proving effective and necessary.
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PMID:[International health regulation and world epidemiological situation (author's transl)]. 734 30


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