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Query: UMLS:C0024530 (malaria)
 44,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Madang district was selected for a longitudinal study of the effects of iron prophylaxis on infectious morbidity in infancy and the topography, climate, domicile, ethnology, demography, disease patterns, nutrition and health services of the district are described. The area has a tropical, humid climate and a mixed economy. Pneumonia was the main killing disease at all ages, and malaria was endemic. A base hospital and well organized maternal and child health services ensured that morbidity surveillance would be optimal. Pilot haematological surveys confirmed a high incidence of anaemia in infancy. Mean haemoglobin between nine and 52 weeks of age was 8.6 g/dl. Results suggested that malaria and iron deficiency were important causes of this anaemia.
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PMID:Iron and infection in infancy--report on field studies in Papua New Guinea: 1. Demographic description and pilot surveys. 608 60

The term empiric is defined, and its implications in the treatment of infectious diseases and the selection of beta-lactam antibiotics are discussed. Some changes in the choice of empiric therapy during the last half-century are brought out by a discussion of therapy for selected infections. For some infections the changes (if any) have been only minor; for others, however, the changes have resulted in a progressive decline in mortality, a shortening of the course of the disease, and the reduction or elimination of complications. Among the diseases discussed are seborrheic dermatitis, malaria, syphilis, typhoid fever, pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, and bacterial meningitis.
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PMID:Empiric therapy for bacterial infections: the historical perspective. 634 95

Reported causes of death (1899-1911) and of admission to hospital (1884-1910) of Indian migrants to Natal are analysed, and an attempt is made to relate them to the circumstances and way of life of the community. The most frequently reported causes of death were pneumonia, enteritis and pulmonary tuberculosis; the commonest reason for admission was venereal disease. Fluctuations in reported mortality and morbidity from year to year were most marked for malaria, with a formidable epidemic in 1905-1906. Typhoid fever and diphtheria were uncommon, as were diabetes and the sequelae of arteriosclerosis.
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PMID:Nostalgia and alligator bite--morbidity and mortality among Indian migrants to Natal, 1884-1911. 636 94

High-dose dexamethasone was compared with placebo in a double-blind trial involving 100 comatose patients with strictly defined cerebral malaria. The two treatment groups, whose members were six to 70 years old, proved comparable on admission. There were eight deaths in the dexamethasone group and nine in the placebo group (no significant difference; P = 0.8); at post-mortem examination the brain showed features diagnostic of cerebral malaria in all but one patient who died. Dexamethasone prolonged coma among the survivors: the interval between the start of treatment and the full recovery of consciousness was 63.2 +/- 5.9 hours (mean +/- S.E.M.) in the dexamethasone group, as compared with 47.4 +/- 3.2 hours in the placebo group (P = 0.02). Complications, including pneumonia and gastrointestinal bleeding, occurred in 26 patients given dexamethasone and 11 given placebo (P = 0.004). Only five patients had neurologic sequelae. Results were similar in a subgroup of 28 children six to 14 years old. Dexamethasone is deleterious in cerebral malaria and should no longer be used.
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PMID:Dexamethasone proves deleterious in cerebral malaria. A double-blind trial in 100 comatose patients. 703 88

Twenty-six pregnancies in 20 parturients were studied. There was a high frequency of antenatal complications, especially bone pain crisis (61%), haemolytic crisis (31%), urinary tract infection (42%), pneumonia (23%) and malaria (23%). Ninety-six percent of the patients were anaemic at first clinic attendance. There was a high operative delivery rate (29%), mainly by forceps or vacuum extraction. The perinatal mortality rate was 250 per 1000. There was one maternal death.
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PMID:The effect of sickle cell anemia on obstetric performance in a Nigerian community. 708 Jan 87

Sickle cell anemia is a bad disease, and it occurs in black patients who still face obstacles that whites don't appreciate. Even if a new cure burst forth, it would not be available to many patients, and others would be afraid of it. It probably would not be as safe or effective as chloroquine for malaria or penicillin for pneumonia--and as a result, we should try to improve our present means for delivering care. Treatable complications must be recognized, and painful episodes must be managed with knowledge that no type of pain is exclusively physical or mental. If patients are to function in society, they must have marketable skills--and the current educational system in the United States is not prepared to provide such skills to such difficult students. Finally, there will be some lost souls, hopeless patients who live a shadowy life from which rescue seems nearly impossible. They need specialized care which is not currently available. Such care in special protected environments could be cost-effective, but would require such prolonged enthusiasm and commitment that it may be impossible to achieve.
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PMID:Treatment of patients with sickle cell anemia--another view. 714 22

A method is described for assessing quantitatively the relative importance of different disease problems on the health of a population. The impact of a disease on a community is measured by the number of healthy days of life which are lost through illness, disability and death as a consequence of the disease. The measure is derived by combining information on the incidence rate, the case fatality rate and the extent and duration of disability produced by the disease. In Ghana, it is estimated that malaria, measles, childhood pneumonia, sickle cell disease and severe malnutrition are the 5 most important causes of loss of healthy life and between them they account for 34% of healthy life lost due to all diseases. The methodology may be used to help determine the priorities for the allocation of resources to alternative health improvement procedures by estimating the number of healthy days of life which are likely to be saved by different procedures and by relating these savings to the costs of the procedures.
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PMID:A quantitative method of assessing the health impact of different diseases in less developed countries. Ghana Health Assessment Project Team. 723 65

Folic acid metabolism was studied in forty-four febrile children aged 2 months -9 years by measuring their serum and red cell folate levels. In all the children, there was a significant reduction in red cell folate along with a steady rise in serum folate as the body temperature increased above 39 degrees C. There was no correlation between the folate parameters and the pathological cause of the pyrexia (malaria or broncho-pneumonia). These results suggest that a rise in body temperature causes a breakdown of folate stores, which leads to some disturbance of folate metabolism. The extent of this disturbance is not known but it may have some detrimental effects on growing children.
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PMID:Increase of body temperature and folic acid metabolism. 734 90

Some of the characteristics of the process of mortality decline in Latin America were studied for the 1955-73 period. General characteristics of mortality decline were examined and total and cause specific standardized death rates were examined in an effort to uncover the contribution of changes in the incidence of some diseases to the rate of decline in the initial stages of the process. The relationship between socioeconomic factors and total and cause-specific levels of mortality were also examined. Data on deaths by age groups and causes on various Latin American countries were collected from regular publications of the World Health Organization (WHO). Only those countries for which information was available at least at 1 point during the 1950s and at least once during the 1960s were included. Adult deaths (above age 5) were adjusted for completeness using techniques by Brass (1975) and Preston (1979). Causes of deaths were grouped into categories that allowed the comparability of the 6th, 7th, and 8th revisions of the International Classification of Diseases. Death rates specific for 5-year age groups were computed. The analysis supports the idea that the major contributors to the rapid process of mortality decline were, in this order: infectious diseases, influenza-pneumonia-bronchitis, and diarrhea. Respiratory tuberculosis and other diseases of early infancy were responsible for about 12% of the total decline. Of late there has been an apparent increase in deaths due to cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, but cardiovascular diseases (probably of infectious origin) may have contributed positively to mortality decline, perhaps as much as 28% of the total decline (net of the effects of changes in the category of "ill defined" deaths). The association between the decline in malaria and the concomitant decline in other infectious diseases points to a confirmation of the hypothesis which attributed substantial weight to medical innovations because of the synergism among the diseases themselves. The source of the changes in mortality were found to correspond in almost equal measure to rising standards of living and to the contribution of exogenous factors: about 45% of the changes between 1955-73 were due to rising standards of living. Exogenous factors seemed to have left a more decisive imprint among countries in which malaria was endemic and within categories of such diseases (such as infections) which were most likely to be controlled without imposing the necessity of substantial transformations in standards of living.
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PMID:Mortality decline in Latin America: changes in the structure of causes of deaths, 1950-1975. 734 97

The iron-chelating drug deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) is active against Pneumocystis carinii in vitro and in rat and mouse models of P. carinii pneumonia. Because DFO has a short half-life, daily divided or continuous dosage was expected to improve the dose response, as is the case with DFO treatment of malaria. Therefore, results of single daily intraperitoneal injections were compared with results of an evenly divided four-times-daily dosage and the efficacy of delivery with implanted infusion pumps. The highest bolus dosage (1,000 mg kg-1 of body weight day-1) was as effective as the standard combination of trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole. Unexpectedly, very little improvement was observed with the divided or continuous dosage, and several mechanisms that could account for this are discussed.
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PMID:Response of rat model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia to continuous infusion of deferoxamine. 749 82


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